International tourism management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International tourism management - Assignment Example One of the major challenges of corporate social responsibility of international tourism is to curb child prostitution and sex tourism. Despite many meaningful campaigns to curb these social evils, this heinous trade continues to flourish and is endangering the social fabric in and around the vicinity of the tourist hotspots across the world. This is not a sustainable practice it is time to evaluate the potential contribution of ‘corporate social responsibility’ (CSR) strategies to achieving more environmentally sustainable international tourism. Tourism is an extremely heterogeneous socio-economic phenomenon which encompasses a large array of lifestyles and cultures (Fuchs, 2010). The travel and tourism industry is one of the fastest growing industries for almost half century despite ups and downs in global financial and political ups and downs (Fuchs, 2010). Tourism casts complex and varied impact on the societies. While, there are great many tourists, there are also a large variety of societies that host the tourists catering to their every need and taste (Kala, 2008). Tourism is undoubtedly one of the major drivers of global economy. It increases opportunities in all countries whether developed or developing for its people to take part as hosts and guests in this socio-economic phenomenon (Kala, 2008). Source: UNWTO, 2010. Tourism trends and outlook update UNWTO. [Online] UNWTO Available at: http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Guilin_Forum10_day2_JK_fin_1x1.pdf [Accessed 24 November 2010]. The geographical reach and the labour intensive nature helps in generating employment, particularly remote and rural areas, where three-fourth of the two-billion people live under extreme poverty conditions (World Tourism Organisation, 2010). The World Tourism Organisation identifies seven factors that make tourism as an

Developing an English Language Curriculum Essay Example for Free

Developing an English Language Curriculum Essay The problem at hand involves developing a curriculum for English language that is suited for all people, coming from all over the country; even those without the basic knowledge of the language. The problem entails finding out the basis of developing such a curriculum, analyzing the content and coverage of such a curriculum, testing the suitability of it to the users, outlining a sample curriculum and finding out the possible outcome of such a curriculum. The problem will also discuss the likelihood of making compromises, possible compromises, the groups affected and how to counteract the effects of such compromises. Theoretical Background and Analysis Curriculum development for languages has for a good length of time been based on; developing language responsiveness, developing confidence and competence in the use of English language, trying to instil into the learners the cognitive capability, training learners to develop language imaginative and emotional skills via oral, reading and writing skills. In trying to develop any teaching curriculum, one can focus on the above as guideline. Traditionally, the curriculum activities have been determined by use of a particular set of goals needed to be achieved. Hence one would sit down and analyze the particular things he wanted to achieve then go ahead and develop a systematic way to end up with the desired results. Failure to achieve these results would be followed by corrective measures to the curriculum. However, further developments to this has led to another way of developing a curriculum based on the path or route used to achieving desired results other than the one based on developing a curriculum on goal basis. A curriculum can be developed on the basis of tasks (Nunan, 1998). One approach focuses on analyzing the psycholinguistics involved in the acquisition of a second language and activation of such in a classroom. The other approach basically focuses on the purpose the learners need the language for. Nunan and Lockwood (1991) have come up with a model to implement the latter approach. This involves allowing learners develop the skills of the language, offer a chance to analyze and listen on how sample tasks are solved, giving a grammatically instructed guidance for performance of various tasks, and stimulating them to develop skills that are emerging in them via rehearsal. We must however put into consideration the problem at hand; that the students will be expected to learn a second language, in this case English. Much as they will try to be given the above guidelines we can also be guided by a model suited for them. Two models can be focused as a basis for this: (a) The rehearsal rationale path which focuses on what they will be intending to do with the language they are learning. (b) Psycholinguistic model which answers the question on the required mechanisms to acquire a second language. I do therefore propose that such a curriculum would entail courses that will make the learners be assimilated into a culture of having a positive response to using the English language as pertaining communication on a daily basis, training them how to communicate, write, think critically and solve problems using the language. Basically, since the language entails being able to read, write (which would demand knowledge on the grammar, use the language mechanics, penmanship and spelling), to listen and speak all these would be part and passel of the curriculum. Arising Effects and Addressing the Problem It is hard to develop a compromise curriculum for everyone. While some would view such changes as only a waste of time and derailing their time in school since they know the basics, the learners would find an opportunity to assimilate what is necessary to give them an easier time in school. A compromise must however reduce the likelihood of going into what the newcomers can found out for themselves. Since they already have come to study various courses in the institution, it can be assumed as well that most of them will be aware of the challenges involved. Instead of say establishing a separate academic year to go through the curriculum, the curriculum can be made to fit into their program as they go through other courses of their study. One can therefore fit in two courses of studying English in their first year of study. The first course, for example can contain courses for the students to learn communication, writing and reading skills, while in the subsequent term, the second course can entail courses challenging students to thinking critically, analytical skills, interpretation skills, and using the language to formulate ideas. It must be considered that students will have to be exposed to acquiring a second language by presenting one which is a bit more complex that which they have and they will gain maximally. This was a belief in input hypothesis by Krashen (1981, 1982) which has acted on for many researches. The next step would entail finding out what majority of the learners will be, their background languages and how the curriculum can be suited to favour them. A research will need to be conducted to establish what the current situation is on the ground, necessity of having such a curriculum, its implications to the students already in the institution and how they think they can be helped. It would be of little need to establish a curriculum that only duplicates work and overloads the students. In deed, this can be solved by carrying out an extensive research on the need for it, even before it is designed. Once there is enough evidence that such a curriculum is of necessity, one can go ahead and design it. It would be better to incorporate the views of the intended beneficiaries to this project. The curriculum should be geared towards making sure that the students also benefit in usage of the language in other disciplines other than English itself. Therefore, a good connectivity between English language skills should be ensured by the curriculum being implemented. Implementation and Review Once the program has been implemented, there is need to keep on acquiring the feed back from the beneficiaries pertaining various courses, their benefits and what they think can be done to improve on the arising difficulties, analyzing the elements of the feed back and carrying out the corrective measures as pertaining course improvement. Conclusion In the above analysis, I have provided a basis model which can be used in developing an English language curriculum, and sort to solve problems related to its introduction in any learning environment. The implementation and review section seeks to give an outline how one can put into action such a curriculum and review it. Remember that a good curriculum is the one that accomplishes its intended purpose satisfactorily. It does not mean that it is free from difficulties, but these must be dealt with. Reference NCCA (2008): Curriculum Online. Retrieved from, http://82. 195. 132. 34/index. asp?locID=399docID=-1, on September 10, 2008 Krashen, S. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Nunan D. (1998). Communicative Tasks and the Language Curriculum. Macquarie University Urbana-Champaign University of Illinois. Retrieved from http://www. iei. uiuc. edu/TESOLOnline/texts/nunan/index. html on September 10, 2008. Nunan, D. , Lockwood, J. (1991). The Australian English course: Task based English for post-beginners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Relationship Between Communication and Human Sciences

Relationship Between Communication and Human Sciences The aim of this paper is to critically analyse communication and its development of human societies. It will scrutinise whether any form of symbolic behaviour was a form of communication. This essay will question some of the findings of the past through the examination of communicative works such as cave-art. Discussion of urbanism and religion as a means of communication with divine or supernatural powers will then follow. Writing as posited as one of Childe’s ten criteria as a cause of urbanism will be critically evaluated. To conclude, I will offer my perspective on the development of human societies having evaluated the evidence and expert views. So what is communication? Communication is derived from the Latin word communis (Peters, 1999), meaning â€Å"to share†. Thus, communication is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of messages, information, and thoughts, as by signals, visuals, writing or behaviour. The history of communication dates b ack to ancient times, speech which revolutionized the human communication was developed some 200,000 years ago; symbols were developed about 30,000 years ago while writing about 7,000. Throughout the millennia, human societies underwent major changes in their social order where people lived 10,000 years ago in small, mobile groups which depended on wild plants and animals. Examples of those groups include but is not limited to those of the Yangzi river valley in East Asia and the Americas which underwent changes from hunter-gatherers to an organised society. It is these early examples of groups which domesticated local plant and animal species to forge a farming community and with the development of agriculture and sedentism, population growth soon followed. These farming societies transformed themselves into larger, more complex social systems characterised by cities, political states and class inequalities. As with civilisations such as those of Egyptian and Roman empires, rulers and dynasties rose and fell, and the potsherds and stone tools of archaeology made way for written documents. Without communication, the lives of human beings would be very different as it is critical for growing and maintaining everything around us. The relationship between communication and human society is ever-growing having achieved a huge growth in its partnership. Humans simply could not have achieve this kind of development and growth without the existence of communication. Within society, all relationships and social connections rely on communication and appreciate and understand its importance and with varying communication methods and processes, it gave a great boost to the development of human society. Communication as it is today is a continuing process as people strive to develop new and innovative communication methods and processes. To fully appreciate the growth of communication, we need to look back to the beginning to  the stone age when communication was in its initial developmental stages. There were no languages, resultantly little communication processes were followed by humans. The swift development of human abilities made way for the development of communication and human society. Humans began to use signs and non-verbal communication to communicate with fellow humans such as runners, birds, arrows, smokes. As humans became more and more organized, different kinds of languages and communication methods were developed. Major developments during the Stone Age were: Cave paintings Petro glyphs Pictograms Ideograms Later, during the Bronze Age, human beings invented writing which revolutionized the communication methods and processes, there began a new period of communication. Accepted examples of such writings are Egyptian hieroglyphs and the Indus Valley script (Tharoor 2009). By 2700 BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 22 hieroglyphs to represent syllables (Crabben 2011). Some of the prominent developments of these times are: Writing Alphabet Paper With the introduction of various form of communication, is the question whether symbolic behaviour is a form of communication? Communication and symbolic links seem to go hand in hand with features seen as symbolic objects such as daggers, warriors– some carrying weapons, axes, wheeled vehicles, houses, farm buildings and livestock. Other evidence presented is the rock-art of Valcamonica (Italy) and Southern Africa in which a number of symbolic representations were discovered. Southern-Africa in particular has cave-art of varying degrees of what I would consider a form of symbolism such examples include dancing women an various geometric forms. I believe that symbolic behaviour could be considered as a form of visual communication because a message is being conveyed irrespective of the media and form of communication. Not restricted to cave-art, symbolic behaviour is also seen through the construction of objects such as the sky-disk and sun chariot. The Nebra sky-disk depicts the sun, moon, 32 stars and two arcs, originally three. Its significance alludes any understanding of its significance, however, it does not detract from the fact that it is symbolic in nature and may have been used as an astronomical calculation tool to determine times of harvest (Haughton, 2011). Whatever the significance of the disk, it is still one of symbolism. The final piece of symbolism lies with the Sun Chariot, similar in its astronomical representation of the sun and moon which again illustrates a form of symbolism in the form of a bronze-wheeled-model of a horse pulling a large disk. Not isolated to mere models of bronze, the discovery of burial practices and metallurgy to display prestige and cultural practices can also be considered as a form of symbolism. Unfortunately, no depiction of the latter practices are represented in the rock-art, suggesting that the presence of cave-art does not fully represent the full range of activities, but does not exclude the very fact that once again symbolism is represented through prestige. Symbolism was prominent on a global basis and in Southern Africa, rock-art had symbolic meanings to those who created them. The representation of these paintings were linked between the material and spirit world which in turn depicted shamans and the spirit world. I believe that any consideration into the varying forms of symbolic behaviour should be seen as a form of communication. In summary with regards to symbolism and communication, I am inclined to support the idea that symbolism is a form of communication which is reinforced by Childes criteria for urbanism and the rise of civilisation coupled with the development of symbolic art (Perkins, 2013). Cave or rock-art is known as the oldest form of communication and is the precious remnant of an ancient way of life which provides some of the oldest clues of cultures from long ago. Rock-art and art form or drawing style provides a recorded history of human thought patterns and behaviour. Insights into their socio-religious aspects as well as their ancient culture and myths can be gained and prove valuable into gaining an insight into their lives. Between 30,000 and 5,000 years ago, no written records existed except for cave-art and rock etchings. It was not until post 5,000 years that other types of written records came into existence. Rock-art is in my opinion considered a form of communication and message, whether simple or complex, is special but yet to be fully understood. It provides a small glimpse into the socio-religious aspects of these ancient neolithic cultures. A number of theoretical views and opinions have purported to explain rock-art, but in my view, I am inclined t o suggest that rock-art simply portrays simple daily life. Another possible theory could be that of conveying a complex message about the shamans journey and their altered state of consciousness, suggesting a true appreciation and understanding of ancient tribal life. An air of caution must be placed in assuming that the paintings produced in a specific tribal social and religious context within cave-art has any resemblance to the belief systems of modern Western society and therefore should not be gauged to such. Any form of ritualistic, mythological or supernatural representations art is open to debate as to whether it is art or religion. The area surrounding art and its link to religion would be a difficult assumption to make as to view the work within a set context is to view the art in the same way as those who were around during that time period. As with any religious content, the interpretations are hypothetical and subjective based on the interpreters ideals. However, the presence of animals may have been more of a symbolic vision of the world around them. This art could also be a way of communicating possible ritual practices (Zorich, 2011) that may have taken place within the cave systems. There is a possible assumption that ritual practices taking place within the caves were a means of communication with divine or supernatural powers. The imagery of animals may have been viewed as sacred due to their physical strength indicating power. Throughout time there have been links with sham anism and rock art within the context of spiritualism. One such example is that of the Valcamonica figure which depicts a running man (Naquane, 2014), often identified as a shaman. The key controversy is that the art is a representation of the real world and with that consideration it questions its true purpose and functions. As with everything else in life, changes occur, additions are made to existing structures and art work; likewise with cave art by engraving over already existing work in addition to leaving existing engravings alone, signifies a meaning for those adding to the already present art. It is fair to surmise that maybe these images may have had a symbolic or religious function which in turn can be accepted as a form of communicating rituals and the idea of theology. To further support the theory, Scandinavian rock art is suggestive of ritual or mythological as well as associations with the supernatural. I truly believe that such interpretations are acceptable and sho uld be viewed as a way of looking beyond an established civilisation to that of conducting oneself to a higher power, a deity perhaps? Further evidence has recently come to light of the possible religious or spiritual practices from the discovery of rock-art in the highlands (McKenzie, 2014). The discovery included a boulder decorated with ancient cup and ring marks which archaeologists believe may have been made for a number of reasons. Some of these reasons include ritualistic, astronomical or simply doodling. If we were to assume that it was ritualistic, it implies that there may have been a link with divine or supernatural powers. It is a safe assumption that with cave-art, a link between communication and the belief of divine and supernatural powers exists. It is without a doubt that human communication is underpinned by a social survival imperative. In the words of Blakemore, Winston and Frith (2004) Humans crave the company of others and suffer profoundly if temporarily isolated from society. The above statement is indicative of the need to communicate hence with the spread of hunter-gatherers across various regions, communication took on differing forms. These ranged from non-verbal communication which consisted of possible facial expressions, tone of voice, body movement and stance which eventually emerged in conjunction with verbal communication within the hunter-gathers period. It is through the use of language as a symbolic form of communication to convey messages to one another but is not limited to just the verbal aspect of communicating. As previously mentioned, writing, drawing, painting and sculptures was and still is a form of communication, a graphical and yet symbolic method of communication. One asserts that the hunter-gathers of the time used various methods to communicate from non-verbal to verbal as well as art to project and record their beliefs and lifestyles. The earliest form of urbanism appeared in the Near East (3rd Millennium BC), Warka, known from texts as the Sumerian city of Uruk (Mathews, 2013). Life in the City of Warka was marked by the appearance of well known cultural innovations such as the architecture of monumental portions, commemorative art and the use of a cylinder seal. Another innovation which involves one of Childes ten criteria is that of writing which appeared during the late Uruk period and was considered the earliest form of writing. It can be implied that the presence of writing was not coincidental but one of relevance towards the formation of social organisation. I believe that writing is essential in maintaining any form of governance within a state organisation. My argument is that writing as it stands provides a method of record keeping which is essential for not only the organisation but also the administrative and social control of people living within an urban setting. If proven that the writing found at Uruk was indeed an integral part in urban life then it will be a safe assumption that the presence of writing was in effect consistent with governmental administration. However, I dispute this perspective since other societies have existed without the need for writing to maintain a society. One such society was that of the Incas. Not having a recognised writing system like the rest of the world, no carved stone, no papyrus or art, the Incas established and maintained a working empire proving that urbanism does not require a writing system to flourish. Having said that, the Incas did have a method of recording accounts, astronomical calculations and possibly their stories, this method involved the use of cords and knots (K.K. Hurst, 2002), a complicated system but yet a record, nevertheless. Having considered the Incas and the use of the cord system as a possible means of conveying messages is in my opinion open to debate as to whether the use of knots in cords is a form of communica tion. Critical analysis of the communication adopted by the Incas does not provide a convincing argument therefore in my opinion that it is highly improbable the Incas possessed a system of writing. When taking into account that for urbanism to exist and thrive, a system of communication is required, be it writing or otherwise, the Inca civilisation as far as I am concerned refutes that theory. Would the Incas have adopted writing from the people of Warka? Due to the strong beliefs of the Incas and the significance of the cord system, I would assume the Incas would have refrained from doing so. In concluding this paper, the true significance of these vast array of cave paintings discovered and possibly some yet to be discovered is and will remain elusive for now. I can conclude that the cave-art, some brilliant in comparison to the art work that we find today, reflects the development of symbolic life, and an important turning point in human evolution. This sudden burst is reminiscent of the big bang theory but in this case it is the big bang theory of the human mind. It is through the study of the cave-art that has drawn a possible link to a symbolic life and with further field study and analysis will push the theory and reveal a symbolic life from the past. I also believe that communication and its impact on past civilisations may not have had a major role to play just simply a system which was adopted for growth and control. Today, communication is a requirement for any country to succeed and flourish in the way of trade and finance as well as the setting down of laws. A s we have come to know, the effect of communication is one of globalization, take communication away now and we are left with ignorance and loss of what we have to know as part of everyday life. (2532 words) References Blakemore, Winston and Frith (2004) Social cognitive neuroscience: where are we heading? Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15120680 (Accessed 4 March 2014) Haughton, B. (2011) Ancient History Encyclopaedia The Nebra Sky Disc Ancient Map of the Stars Available at: http://www.ancient.eu.com/article/235/ (Accessed: 3 March 2014) Hurst, K.K. (2002) About.Com Archaeology Knotty Problems The Ancient Writing System of the Inca Available at: http://archaeology.about.com/od/americanancientwriting/a/quipu.htm (Accessed 4 March 2014) Mathews, R (2013) Peoples and complex societies of Ancient south-west Asia Edited by Scarre, C The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies 3rd Edition London: Thames and Hudson, pp. 440, 443 McKenzie, S BBC (2014) Rare Neolithic or Bronze Age rock art in Ross-shire [online], Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-26366644 (Accessed 27 February 2014) Perkins, P (2013) A251 World Archaeology Study Guide 4th Edition Milton Keynes: The Open University, p. 34 Peters, JD (1999) Latin roots of Communication Available at: http://www.colorado.edu/communication/meta-discourses/Theory/latin.htm (Accessed 4 March 2014) Scarre, C (2013) Later prehistoric societies in Central and Western Europe Edited by Scarre, C The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies 3rd Edition London: Thames and Hudson, pp. 420, 424 Tharoor, I. (2009) Time World Decoding the ancient script of the Indus valley Available at: http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1919795,00.html (Accessed 6 March 2014) Naquane (2014) The Open University, Rock art gallery Valcamonica running man Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/subpage/view.php?id=342575 (Accessed 3 March 2014) Van Der Crabben, J. (2011) Ancient History Encyclopaedia Alphabet, Definition Available at: http://www.ancient.eu.com/alphabet/ (Accessed: 6 March 2014) World Heritage Convention Rock Drawings in Valcamonica Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/94 (Accessed: 3 March 2014) Zorich Z. (2011) A Chauvet Primer Available at: http://archive.archaeology.org/1103/features/werner_herzog_chauvet_cave_primer.html (Accessed 3 March 2014)

The Squire in The Caterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer :: Canterbury Tales Chaucer Essays

The Squire in The Caterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer In the General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales, the narrator, Geoffrey Chaucer, meets twenty nine pilgrims at the Southwark at the Tabard Inn. They are all going to Canterbury Cathedral to visit the shrine of Sir Thomas Becket. Chaucer decides to tag along, taking some time to describe each pilgrim. The author uses many metaphors, personal histories, and examples of how they would act in certain situations to fully describe the characters in the story. However, some of the pilgrims are given only a few lines of direct description in a very straightforward, visual manner. One of the characters in the tales is Squire, who gets only twenty lines of details, focusing on his appearance, his abilities, and his sexuality. The physical description of the Squire illustrates him as if he was a Roman statue, or taken from a chivalric romance. Chaucer describes his " lokkes crulle as they were leyd in presse"(Norton, 83), average height, great strength, "Of twenty yeer of age he was" (Norton, 83), bravery and cleverness. The author illustrates Squire's youth "as fressh as is the month of may." (Norton, 83). The dress of the squire is colorful, embroidered with flowers, short with large sleeves. He is very talented, too. Chaucer dedicates some lines in the poem to the squire's skills - horsemanship, jousting, sketching, dancing, song and verse writing: "Wel koude he sitte on hors and faire ryde./ He koude songes make and wel endite,/ Juste and eek daunce, and weel purtreye and write." (Norton, 83). The physical illustration of Squire is carefully surrounded by sexual references. The author tells us in his poem that the young character is "a lovere and a lusty bacheler"(Norton, 83), who loves so hotly that he sleeps at night "namoore than dooth a nyghtyngale"(Norton, 83). Chaucer uses meadows, fresh flowers, and squire's songs as the methphors to represent the character's sexual image that hides under the portrait of the candidate for a knight. Chaucer also refers to the object of squire's chivalry, his lady. The strange thing about Squire's sexuality and his character as a whole is its neutrality. He is illustrated as powerful and effective young knight. It seems however that he is lifeless, like a stone or still statue. The squire's physical characteristics strongly hit the reader's mind, yet not much is understood about Squire. Chaucer even portrays him in a morally neutral manner, he leaves the judgement of the squire to the reader.

A Human Is A Complex Organism

Human beings are complex and special organisms as there is a complex organisation of cells in the human body. The organisation in the human body is summarised as follows: Cells—> Tissues—> Organs—> Systems—> Organism.The same type of cells which carry out a specific function are organised into a tissue. For example, a group of nerve cells form a nerve tissue. They are organised to work together to perform specific functions as the result of cells in the human body do not work individually.An organ is a group of tissue that cooperates to carry out a specific life process. For examples, epithelial tissues form blood vessels. Several organs are organised into a system.Each system consist of several organs which are organised to carry out life processes such as respiration, reproduction and digestion.Various systems in the human body are well organised to carry out all the life processes efficiently. They are able to function because the cellular components wo rk together to ensure the survival of human beings.The human brain is well developed to integrate information's and store them as memory. This allows human beings to have the ability to talk, think rationally, create new things, learn from experience and use languages. The ability to do all these makes us really special compared to other organism.Water is driven into the tanks to raise density and allow the submarine to sink and it also pumped out to reduce density and hence allow the submarine to float. The tanks can be filled with water and air, which allows the submarine to sink or rise in the water. When a submarine is floating, its ballast tanks are filled with air, which makes it less dense than the sea water it displaces hence allowing it to float. Submarines sink when water is let into the ballast tank. This is because the submarine's density becomes greater than that of the surrounding water, resulting in negative buoyancy and causing it to sink.

Free Essays on Minority Women And The Glass Ceiling

Minority Women and The Glass Ceiling Two Wall Street Journal reporters first used the concept â€Å"Glass Ceiling† in 1986. Created to describe the invisible and artificial barriers that impeded women from advancing to senior leadership positions within organizations. Since then, the figure of speech the glass ceiling has also come to be applied to the advancement of minorities, deaf, blind, disabled, and sexual minorities. There is no doubt that ceilings and walls exist throughout most workplaces for minorities and women. These barriers limit the development and mobility opportunities of men and women of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. In this research the discussion will cover that given advances in the last ten years, have minority women shattered the glass ceiling? If there has been any studies done within the last two years, and, if so what did the data show. What profession shows the best results in eliminating the glass ceiling? What strategies were used in successful career fields? And are the strategies being shared? What is the future for women in the United States in professional fields? The suggestion of this inequality is important to all women at every level across the spectrum of job levels. Further, women entering the workforce should have every assurance that the same opportunities for compensation and advancement are available to them in the same manner as their male counterpart. The purpose of this research is for the researcher to gain understanding of the glass ceiling phenomenon and to explore its causes and effects. The glass ceiling is identified primarily as a women's issue; however, evidence shows that minorities are faced with overwhelming barriers as they attempt to move upward. The term describes the artificial area of stability, beyond which women and other minorities are denied the opportunity to advance to upper levels of executive management in corporate America. The glas... Free Essays on Minority Women And The Glass Ceiling Free Essays on Minority Women And The Glass Ceiling Minority Women and The Glass Ceiling Two Wall Street Journal reporters first used the concept â€Å"Glass Ceiling† in 1986. Created to describe the invisible and artificial barriers that impeded women from advancing to senior leadership positions within organizations. Since then, the figure of speech the glass ceiling has also come to be applied to the advancement of minorities, deaf, blind, disabled, and sexual minorities. There is no doubt that ceilings and walls exist throughout most workplaces for minorities and women. These barriers limit the development and mobility opportunities of men and women of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. In this research the discussion will cover that given advances in the last ten years, have minority women shattered the glass ceiling? If there has been any studies done within the last two years, and, if so what did the data show. What profession shows the best results in eliminating the glass ceiling? What strategies were used in successful career fields? And are the strategies being shared? What is the future for women in the United States in professional fields? The suggestion of this inequality is important to all women at every level across the spectrum of job levels. Further, women entering the workforce should have every assurance that the same opportunities for compensation and advancement are available to them in the same manner as their male counterpart. The purpose of this research is for the researcher to gain understanding of the glass ceiling phenomenon and to explore its causes and effects. The glass ceiling is identified primarily as a women's issue; however, evidence shows that minorities are faced with overwhelming barriers as they attempt to move upward. The term describes the artificial area of stability, beyond which women and other minorities are denied the opportunity to advance to upper levels of executive management in corporate America. The glas...

The Princess Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife

The Princess Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife Princess Louise Facts Known for:  sixth British princess named Princess Royal; daughter of King Edward VII, and granddaughter of Queen VictoriaDates:  February 20, 1867 – January 4, 1931Also known as: Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife, The Princess Louise, Princess Louise of Wales (at birth) Background, Family: Mother: Alexandra of Denmark (1844 – 1925): Alexandra, Princess of Wales, at the birth of Princess Louise, and later Queen Alexandra. Alexandra was the daughter of Christian IX of Denmark and his consort, Louise of Hesse-Kassel.Father: Edward (1841 – 1910), Prince of Wales, at the birth of Princess Louise, and later King Edward VII. Edward was the son of Queen Victoria and her consort, Prince Albert.Siblings: Prince Albert Victor (1864 – 1892), George V (1865 – 1936), Princess Victoria (1868 – 1935), Princess Maud (1869 – 1938, Queen consort of Norway), Prince Alexander John (1871 – 1871) Marriage, Children: Husband:   Alexander Duff, 6th Earl Fife, later 1st Duke of Fife (married July 27, 1889, died 1912) Children: Alistair Duff (1890 – 1890)Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife (1891 – 1959): married Prince Arthur of Connaught and Strathearn, a grandson of Queen VictoriaPrincess Maud, Countess of Southesk (1893 – 1945): married Charles Carnegie, 11th Earl of Southesk Princess Louise Biography: Born at Marlborough House in London, the Princess Louise of Wales, she was the first daughter born after two sons.   Two more sisters arrived the following two years, and the three girls were rather close to each other in their youth, known for being very active though all became more shy and withdrawn as they grew up.   They were educated by governesses.   In 1895, the three sisters were among the bridesmaids at the wedding of their aunt, Princess Beatrice, youngest of Queen Victoria’s daughters. Because her father had two sons who could succeed him, Louise’s mother did not think that the daughters should marry.   Victoria, the sister who followed Louise, never did. Louise nevertheless married Alexander Duff, who was the sixth Earl Fife and a descendant of William IV through one of that king’s illegitimate children. Her husband was created a duke when they married in 1889, just a month after their engagement. Louise’s first child was a stillborn son, born soon after their marriage.   Two daughters, Alexandra   and Maud, born in 1891 and 1893, completed the family. When Louise’s eldest brother died in 1892 at the age of 28, her next eldest brother, George, became the second in the line of succession, after their father, Edward. This put Louise third in line, and unless Louise’s only surviving brother, then unmarried, had legitimate offspring, her daughters would be next in the line of succession – and they were, unless royal decree changed their status, technically commoners.   In 1893, George married Mary of Teck who had been engaged to his older brother, thus making the succession of Louise or her daughters unlikely.   Louise hosted the marriage of her brother. Princess Louise, after her marriage, lived quite privately.   Her father succeeded his mother, Queen Victoria, in 1901, and in 1905 bestowed on Louise the title of Princess Royal, a title reserved for the eldest daughter of a reigning monarch, though not always given.   She was the sixth such Princess Royal. At the same time, her daughters were created princesses and given the title of highness.   They were the only female-line descendants of a British sovereign to be given the title of Princess of Great Britain and Ireland. In December of 1911, on a trip to Egypt, the family was shipwrecked off Morocco.   The Duke became ill of pleurisy, and died the next month. His eldest daughter by Louise, Alexandra, inherited the title of Duchess.   She married a first cousin once removed, Prince Arthur of Connaught and Strathean, a grandson of Queen Victoria, and thus had the title of royal highness. Louise’s younger daughter Maud married Lord Carnegie in 1923, and was thereafter known as Lady Carnegie, rather than Princess, for most purposes.   Maud’s son was James Carnegie, who inherited the title of Duke of Fife as well as Earl of Sothesk. Louise, The Princess Royal, died at home in London in 1931.   She was buried in St. Georges Chapel, and her remains later moved to a private chapel at another of her resisdences, Mar Lodge in Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Teenagers and Tattoo Essay Example

Teenagers and Tattoo Essay Example Teenagers and Tattoo Essay Teenagers and Tattoo Essay On Teenagers and Tattoos Youth likes to be heard, and they ensure that it is in so many ways. The article on On Teenagers and Tattoos by Andres Martin, published by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, explains how youth use tattooing and body piercing to express their way of thinking and how they feel. It also explores the various key reasons that lead to the decisions of youth to tattoo. Youth and tattoos is a growing trend in the US and parents of these teens that decide to have tattoos and piercings are concerned with their decisions. In this article Dr. Martin views tattoos in a positive way. This is shown in the last paragraph where he mentioned, they (tattoos) can often be understood self-constructive and adorning efforts, rather than prematurely subsumed as mutilatory and destructive acts (Para 12). He does not view youth having tattoos as a negative thing; instead he feels that it may be a form of symbolism for these youth. The intended audience of this article is to the psychiatrists, exhorting them to have another way of analyzing youth, and secondly for people who view youth having tattoos in a discriminating way. Dr. Martin brought up three main good reasons why youth get tattoos. The first eason that teenagers get tattoos and peircings can be subject to single them selves out and be unique. Secondly, tattoos can be treat as a tool to help cultivate the memory bringing back memories of a relationships or even an object. And last, is that teenagers get tattoos to symbolize their own experiences and get a tattoo that is showed on their skin to permanently have a relationship with that tattoo. Some youth might get tattoos to last them a lifetime rather than something that comes and goes. Like what Dr. Martin commented, tattoos, unlike many relationships, can promise permanence and stability (Para 9). The purpose of this article is to allow the intended audience understand the key reasons of youth tattooing and perhaps, change their Judgmental views on youth with tattoos. I feel that Dr. Martin has covered some reasons and has come to his clinical conclusions on why youth choose to have tattoos on their bodies, but I also feel like something might have been left out. Perhaps some youth might get tattoos for the simple Joy of the body art or because they like art and want it tattooed on their own bodies. I feel that most of the points are accurate by Dr. Martin in this article. For example, he mentioned, tattooed dolescents can become unambiguously demarcated from others and singled out as unique (Para 4). I strongly agree with this point because youth are always trying to find a way to make them-selves stand out and some try to start a new trend Just to be unique or to be looked in a different way by their own peers and society. It may Just be what they need to feel unique and trendy in their own way rather than following a same kind of trend that other youth follow. Their peers may have the same clothes or even hairstyles, but what sets them apart from their peers would be the tattoo or ven piercing that they have on their bodies. Being different helps youth develop their own identity weather it is on tattoos or even clothing that they choose to wear. Youth may also mark out their identities by having tattoos of certain designs, colors and areas they choose to have tattoos done on their bodies. Dr. Martin pointed out that, tattoos and piercings can be subject to fad influence or peer pressure in an effort toward group affiliation (Para 1). Youth are often peer pressured into doing things and one thing they dont do is reject any type of challenge their peers put on them. Being influenced and around their own peers with tattoos might make them feel like they need to fit into the fad or trend in order to be accepted by their peers. However, I do not agree with Dr. Martins view on tattoos being self constructive. On the contrary, I strongly view it as a form of destructive act. This is because youth may get tattoos simply because they want to experience the pain or thrill during the process. According to Dr. Martin, youth may feel that they have no control over the changes in their bodies, and by indelibly marking their bodies, adolescents can strive to reclaim their bearings (Para 5). For this reason, by tattooing, these youth may feel that they are in control of the pain weather it be inner pain caused by family issues they can feel like they are in control of their own bodies by conflicting bodily pain, which can be an act of self-harm that they can actually control. And in conclusion these youth take a destructive act towards their own bodies. Dr. Martin commented, Ata time of normative uncertainties adolescents may maladaptively and all too readily commit to a tattoo and its indefinite presence (Para 11). I agree with this statement because some adolescents get tattoos ot taking in consideration that tattoos are markings that stay with you for the rest of your life. Some regrets come after years of choosing a particular design or a particular symbol that they got at a younger naive age. Youth seek fashion and trends not only in tattoos and piercing but also in styles of clothing, make up for women and some on men. And as with these trends comes a sense of uniqueness they also seek. These differences in dressing or fashion bring out the different outlooks, views or even cultures in youth. The different trends youth look for reflect on their cultures nd some start a new trend to create their own identities. My final thought is since tattoos will remain with a person for a lifetime, I feel that youth must take into considerations several factors before tattooing themselves. Especially in a conservative society like my country, El Salvador, many people are still not very opened minded with the idea of tattoos. People with tattoos in my country are often being portrayed as troublemakers or heavily involved in gangs and crime, and by having tattoos they portray themselves as criminals and get looked in a wrong way by society.

Compare the U.S. Criminal Justice System to United Kingdom's (Britain) Research Paper

Compare the U.S. Criminal Justice System to United Kingdom's (Britain) Criminal Justice System - Research Paper Example The UK and the United States have extremely similar criminal justice systems, as well as extremely similar elements for a crime. This is because the American system is based upon the UK system, as both systems are based upon the common law. The criminal system is similar, in that, in both jurisdictions, there must be mens rea to be held guilty for a crime, in both jurisdictions a criminal may be exonerated for a crime, or at least held to a lesser standard, if there was sufficient provocation, and, in both systems, there is a thin or eggshell skull rule, although, in the United States, this rule is usually used exclusively for torts. These are some basic similarities to the elements for crimes in both jurisdictions. Beyond this, there are similarities in the systems themselves. Both systems treat mentally disordered offenders similarly, although England appears to have more options for this type of offender. In both systems, the victims ostensibly have rights, although these rights d o not seem to be enforced as much in England as they are in the United States. In both systems, there is some form of restorative justice or reparative justice, which means that the victim gets some type of compensation for his or her distress. American criminal law and English criminal law are very similar, because American law has, as its basis, English common law. Therefore, the elements for committing a crime would be similar in both countries. For instance, in both countries, there must be the proper mens rea that would have to be established for the crime.

The Jerry Watson 30 year old murder case Research Paper

The Jerry Watson 30 year old murder case - Research Paper Example Fingerprints from car were also recorded.. However, these initial investigations could not provide any lead towards the identification of the murderer. The case could not be solved then. However, this case was reopened again and Laura Casey started the job of examining the old fingerprints for any fresh leads. The FBI’s â€Å"Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System† proved a boon for the case to go ahead, as Casey was able to pinpoint a few suspects within very short time. While Jerry Watson was serving his term in the jail, Herout could identify him as the murderer, a few days before his scheduled release. The trial against Watson started after almost 30 years of the crime. The new technology that was incorporated with the finger print identification system helped the detective to name the culprit. While the stolen car was found a few blocks away from Watson residence, it further confirmed the senior detective Herout’s doubt about Watson being the killer. ... In addition, the latest DNA matching technique also helped the detectives involved in this case to identify the killer. Case overview and summary Although the murder of Carroll Bonnet remained mystery and the case was stuck in the old files’ cabinet for almost 30 years, the new technology of fingerprint identification helped the senior detective Herout and his collogue Laura Casey to identify the killer and provide justice to the departed soul. Crime details During 1978, the victim Carroll Bonnet was brutally murdered in his apartment. As the killer had tried to wash off the evidence and bloodstains, police investigators collected finger and palm prints from the apartment’s bathroom. The initial investigation also revealed that car belonging to victim was stolen. (30-Year-Old Murder Solved, nd) Initial investigation The investigating team processed finger and palm prints collected from the victim’s bathroom. However, they could not reach any conclusion and in the absence of any lead, the case just lingered on. The stolen car was found in Illinois and investigators collected latent finger and other prints from it. The evidence collected and the finger as well as the latent prints could not match with any record in the state and local criminal fingerprint files. Faced with such a situation, the investigators made enquiries from agencies outside Nebraska, for finding any possible matches. However, nothing worthwhile was found. This resulted in the case to remain cold for almost three decades. (Michelle, 2012) Case reinvestigated An enquiry received by the Omaha Police department, during second half of 2008 prompted for the case reopening. There was a reason to start the investigations

Policing and Penal Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Policing and Penal Services - Essay Example Although this may sound an ideal way to deal with criminals, the ground realities are quite different from the expected results. As no solution is perfect and without flaws, the same goes with this problem of handling criminal behaviour and controlling uncivil citizens, thus increasing problems inside the prisons and penitentiaries. Imprisonment and jailing has been an effective way to protect the society from corrupt people and individuals with criminal tendencies (Baker, 2002). Prisons hold a complete new world inside them as the most dangerous people from all over the country or province/state are collected in a single space, the chances of different mishaps and unwanted happenings are increased a hundred fold (Baker, 2002). Therefore, the prison service or probation service should be capable of handling such situations. Furthermore, the prison service should competent enough to prevent any incidents from happening at all. Containing any undesirable situations, preventing jailbrea ks, controlling prisoner riots, thwarting murder attempts and violent attacks, halting drug trafficking, preventing any sexual harassment or assaults and frustrating any prison gangs from causing any harms are the primary tasks of a prison service. Further duties include the training of convicts to become a better citizen of society, provide them with adult education (if required), providing proper healthcare without any discrimination of race, class, colour, religion or creed and building the capacity of inmates to integrate with the society after they have completed their sentence (Great Britain Home Office, 1979). Education can be used for rehabilitation of prisoners. It is important to make them stand back on their feet and help them become a productive member of the society. Prisons serve this essential function in the society as well. This essay will attempt to shed a light on the present prison services, their current state, the methodologies which are used, and their compete ncy and provide further alternatives and recommendations to increase their performance and capabilities. It will also comment on education and how it can play a role in rehabilitation of prisoners. Theory behind Imprisonment: Bjerregaard and Lizotte (1995) concluded that there are actually four theories that formed the idea of incarcerating certain citizens. These can be listed as under: Punishment Deter Specifically Deter Generally Rehabilitation. Punishment: This is a very basic idea which follows the concept of punishing an individual for his/her wrong doing and preventing him/her from repeating the crime. Deter Specifically: Also known as incapacitation, the idea behind specific deterrence is to remove the criminal individual from the society, relying simply on the idea that if such a person would not be a part of the society, his/her criminal actions would not affect the society in any way whatsoever and population in general will stay safe (Cao, Zhao, & Van Dine, 1997). Deter Generally: This involves making someone an example for a serious crimes (Carlson, 2001). For instance, if there is death penalty for intentional homicide, then lesser people will do any such act. This idea has given way to many harsh punishments such as life imprisonments and capital punishments. Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation involves guiding the offenders and making them better citizens of the society (Jiang & Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). They are given education and awareness about being a productive member of the community and participating in building the society instead of tearing it down. Although this is the most productive

This I Believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

This I Believe - Essay Example Truthfulness does not always come easily especially in times of trouble when an individual is placed in a difficult situation where a very important thing one holds dear is in the midst of the truth. However, like any goodness, a person can always decide to discipline himself to stick to honesty no matter what the circumstance be and can bring. A person’s integrity is affected largely by this one virtue and can make or break a person. One’s honesty is to his advantage while dishonesty destroys his future. The story of The Boy who Cried ‘Wolf!’ is one moral story which parents and teachers use to teach truthfulness to children which I believe is a great and vital step in the formation of a child’s character. It is important for honesty to be nailed to a person’s heart from childhood because when one grows old, this will somehow have a big impact in the decision making of a person. As a growing child, I cherished people who simply told the truth disregarding their pride, and I have resolved since then to follow such track. The path I have trodden though did not always make a straight line and so many times I failed myself.

Business Discussion Advise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Discussion Advise - Essay Example This road map aims to answer questions relative to the growth potential and objectives of the business as well as the feasibility of financial projections. Apart from this, the purpose of business plan may also hinge on its analysis of current global market conditions and business risks inherent in other countries as well as the proposed capital structure that would maximize the value of the business (Chan, n.d.). In terms of the marketing aspect, the business plan also contains the key issues in connection with market identification in order to link the demand and marketing program for the product manufactured or service provided by the firm to its existing and potential customers across countries ("MoneyGlossary," n.d.). As mentioned, an entrepreneur should carefully consider the capital structure of the business in light of the substantial working capital requirement of a global investment. With this, he/she should take into account the sources of finance to fund business operations. For instance, he/she may opt for a global offering of the firm's stocks in order to raise capital. On the other hand, an entrepreneur may also consider issuing foreign bonds, the issuer being a foreigner in a particular domestic market, in the bond markets of various countries ("Investopedia,"n.d.).

Managing Organizational Change (2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managing Organizational Change (2) - Essay Example The transformation may not make one satisfied completely but it will still be better to have it then to not have it at all. I feel that the technology evolution as spoken by Ray Kurzweil would be incredible. It will pave way for an organizational culture wherein human labor will not be overburdened. As said by Ray Kurzweil â€Å"Technology will always hurt less and benefit more†. It will lead to an atmosphere wherein organizations would be compelled to cut down on work hours requiring man power. Right now the trend is more towards letting people work over time then hiring more people. This trend will change post singularity. On the negative side, human dependency on machine will increase exponentially and manifold. Technology will completely handicap humanity. It will be difficult to convince employees who have become accustomed to the old format to adapt to the rapidly emerging technology. (Kurzweil,

This I Believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

This I Believe - Essay Example Truthfulness does not always come easily especially in times of trouble when an individual is placed in a difficult situation where a very important thing one holds dear is in the midst of the truth. However, like any goodness, a person can always decide to discipline himself to stick to honesty no matter what the circumstance be and can bring. A person’s integrity is affected largely by this one virtue and can make or break a person. One’s honesty is to his advantage while dishonesty destroys his future. The story of The Boy who Cried ‘Wolf!’ is one moral story which parents and teachers use to teach truthfulness to children which I believe is a great and vital step in the formation of a child’s character. It is important for honesty to be nailed to a person’s heart from childhood because when one grows old, this will somehow have a big impact in the decision making of a person. As a growing child, I cherished people who simply told the truth disregarding their pride, and I have resolved since then to follow such track. The path I have trodden though did not always make a straight line and so many times I failed myself.

Managing Organizational Change (2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managing Organizational Change (2) - Essay Example The transformation may not make one satisfied completely but it will still be better to have it then to not have it at all. I feel that the technology evolution as spoken by Ray Kurzweil would be incredible. It will pave way for an organizational culture wherein human labor will not be overburdened. As said by Ray Kurzweil â€Å"Technology will always hurt less and benefit more†. It will lead to an atmosphere wherein organizations would be compelled to cut down on work hours requiring man power. Right now the trend is more towards letting people work over time then hiring more people. This trend will change post singularity. On the negative side, human dependency on machine will increase exponentially and manifold. Technology will completely handicap humanity. It will be difficult to convince employees who have become accustomed to the old format to adapt to the rapidly emerging technology. (Kurzweil,

Communicable Disease Paper Essay Example for Free

Communicable Disease Paper Essay Hepatitis B is a viral infection that is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. Acute HBV is less than six months and ones immune system is able to fight and clear the infection. Chronic HBV lasts longer than six months and ones immune system is unable to fight the infection leading to liver failure, cancer or cirrhosis. Occasionally chronic HBV can go undetected for years due to a person being asymptomatic (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Mode of Transmission In highly infected areas of the world, HBV is most commonly spread from mom to baby at birth or from person to person in early childhood (World Health Organization [WHO], 2013). The HBV is also spread via parenteral contact with infected blood or blood products, sharing of or accidental needle sticks and having unprotected sex with one who’s blood, saliva, semen or vaginal secretions are infected and enter your body (Copstead and Banasik, 2010). Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of HBV may never appear or appear over a two to six month period. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, dark urine, fever, joint pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, weakness and fatigue and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and or sclera) (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Complications Having chronic HBV can lead to serious life threatening complications such as, cirrhosis, liver cancer, failure, hepatitis D infection or kidney failure. Liver cirrhosis occurs when HBV has caused inflammation to liver leading to scaring and formation of fibrotic cell tissue that blocks hepatic blood flow and cell function. This in turn results in overgrowth of new cells attempting to regenerate causing decreased liver function Liver cancer and failure can occur if a patient has cirrhosis due to being a risk factor (Copstead and Banasik, 2010). Treatment Treatment of HBV is supportive. Care focuses on nutrition, hydration and comfort (WHO, 2013). For those who have been infected with acute HBV, may not even need treatment but only management of symptoms. Those infected with chronic HBV may need more invasive treatments such as, antiviral medications or need a liver transplant (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Antiviral medications are used to slow and fight the virus from destructing the liver. Liver transplants are an option if a patient has end-stage liver disease where traditional treatments have not worked and are a qualified candidate (Copstead and Banasik, 2010). Demogrphics Approximately 60,000 people die every year from HBV (WHO, 2013). There are about 200 billion people living around the world with HBV with an estimated 1. 2 million living in the United States (CDC, 2013). In 2011 the United States was estimated to have 18,800 actual new cases of the HBV (CDC, 2013). Those who are at greatest risk for developing HBV are Asian and Pacific Islanders, African Americans, gay and bisexual individuals, those who have multiple sex partners and do not practice safe sex or are intravenous drug users. Gay and bisexual men make up 20% of new HBV cases and 50% Asian and Pacific Islanders are living with HBV (CDC, 2013). Most Asian and Pacific Islanders were infected with HBV as infants or children and 1 in 12 are living with it and are not even aware. Determinants of Health Environmental factors such as living conditions, social networks and social support systems are all key drivers for one becoming infected with the HBV. For example, a homeless person who has a poor health status, is uninsured, unemployed and has a lack of education is more likely to be diagnosed with HBV. Also certain races are more likely to be infected with the HBV, as stated above, Asian and Pacific Islanders make up 50% of the population living with HBV (CDC, 2013). In addition there is a lack of resources available to protect, improve and maintain one health due to the cost and lack of good health services to individuals with low socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, focus needs to be made on improving access to care as well as treating the environmental and social factors of health. Epidemiologic Triangle The epidemiologic triangle is used to analyze the natural history of a disease. It asses the agent â€Å"what†, host â€Å"who† and environment â€Å"where† (Maurer and Smith, 2013). The biological agent for hepatitis B is a virus. The host’s demographics can range from infancy into adulthood and any race is susceptible to the virus. The body’s defenses are more likely to fight off acute than chronic HBV. A person’s behavior as well plays a large role in one becoming infected. Those who are intravenous drug users or have a history of multiple sex partners are my susceptible to developing HBV. Environmental factors based on social and economic considerations could be direct person-to-person contact of bodily fluids via kissing or sexual intercourse or receiving contaminated blood products from infected individuals. Within the workplace, an individual could accidently prick himself or herself with a contaminated needle increasing their chances of becoming infected. Role of Community Health Nurse It is important for the community health nurse to educate and promote prevention of HBV. Teaching risk reduction interventions and strategies such as not having unprotected sex and using condoms can help prevent transmission of hepatitis B. For those who have already become infected with the HBV it’s important to provide timely referrals for sexual health related services to further prevent others from becoming infected. Making the hepatitis vaccinations more accessible and available is an effective way to prevent hepatitis B. Educating health and human service providers about hepatitis B promotes quality of care and awareness as well as reduces chances of transmission. Ensuring adequate resources are available (state and local surveillance) to accurately monitor disease trends, transmission and how effective treatment is can improve and ensure correct data collection. It’s also important that the nurse refers patients to accessible care and treatment facilities so that compliance can be obtained and the rate of transmission, morbidity and mortality can be reduced. National Organization The World Hepatitis Alliance is a non-profit international umbrella non-governmental organization that represents every region of the world with viral hepatitis. They raise awareness, reduce the stigma associated with viral hepatitis, work with the WHO and provide preventive care as well as support and access to treatment. Their goal is eradication of HBV and HCV. They plan on achieving this goal by having more countries with a complete hepatitis strategy in place, regional patient organizations in all WHO regions, on going support for global hepatitis groups, acceptance at a global level of HBV and HCV, increased alliance and a more diversified funding base for the alliance. Conclusion There are two billion people worldwide that are infected with HBV and more than 350 million are infected with chronic liver infections, which increases their risk of death significantly (Maurer and Smith, 2013). Fortunately, there is a vaccine for hepatitis B but it has not become easily accessible to those in developing countries. This is a virus that can be prevented if individuals are being educating on the causes and risks as well as ways to protect themselves. It is up to us healthcare providers to spread awareness and makes our patients more knowledgeable about the types of communicable disease in our world so that they can make healthy choices.

Step Analysis For Cadburys In India Marketing Essay

Step Analysis For Cadburys In India Marketing Essay A method used by management that provides the analysis which is based on the four external factors that may affect the organizations performance. Social, Technological, Economic and Political are the four factors. This strategical tool helps the profitability of the company. Step Analysis Factors SocialSocial: The social factor helps a company to understand the ethical, cultural beliefs, demographics, lifestyles and education. These changes influence the growth of the company. Technological: The change in the technological factors can change the companys competitive area. Environmental, ecological ways. New strategies and products and the cost of improvising and innovation. And in the development of the product. Economic: The economic structures and its varies changes at the stock exchange and the interest, and inflation rates and nations economic rules and performances. They directly have a great impact on the company. Political: The changes in the government and pressures and opportunities and changes in the political system and leadership and their values will so affect the company. It also includes the taxes and rules and political grounds and involvement in the business. Step analysis for Cadburys in India The word chocolate has been traced back in ancient times from central America -civilizations Aztec and Maya ,Chocolate made from roasted cocoa beans was mostly enjoyed and relished all over the history as a drink . In ancient times as the expensive cocoa were gifted when a newly born arrives in a family or any religious occasions. Even the traders used to exchange it for jade, clothes etc., till recent times the chocolate has been just the plain chocolate. However Sir Hans Sloane an English doctor brought chocolate milk recipe from South America to England. According to his recipe the original Cadbury milk chocolate was prepared, later it was sold to the Cadburys. The cocoa crillo is harvested only 10% world wide, 90% of it is hybrid and from forestero trees and varieties are produced mainly in West Africa. The hottest region is the right soil to grow this plantation for cocoa. The procedure to prepare chocolate are: Harvest Fermentation Drying Cleaning Roasting Crushing and shelling Blending Grinding Cocoa butter Cocoa powder Kneading Rolling Conching In Birmingham 1824 at bull street England, John Cadbury used to do vending for coffee, tea and drinking chocolate. He started to concentrate on the chocolate drinks and beverages. He was also appointed as the Royal by the queen. He also shifted from the tea business stopped the tea shipment and started importing cocoa into UK. He tried so many different varieties. Although it was economically not an easy price to the consumer so he had a tie up with his brother and started his venture into Cadburys chocolate making business. One of the best inventions in the confectionary industry was Cadburys Dairy Milk which was a moulded chocolate and was introduced in 1905 although after so many brands with leading chocolate companies the Dairy Milk shows 95 years later a success and recognition. Step Analysis Social: The story of Cadbury dairy milk started in 1905 at Bourneville UK but the journey with chocolate lovers in India began in 1948. The UK confectioner Kraft foods and Cadburys had a deal in the business and they wanted to enter the international market. However they targeted a little tough market which I could say as India could not accept any foreign products so easily but still as C.Y.Pal non executive chairman of Cadbury India quotes India is a very happy story for Kraft and Cadbury. Kraft was initially trying hard with its products to put-up on the shelfs in a market store like tobolerone, milka, cheese, Oreo cookies etc although all were under one umbrella. Indians could not accept it so easily. More than 60 yrs has been passed Cadburys has now become the countries biggest confectioner. The barriers it had leaped and came up with different products in chocolates, drinks, gums, candies etc was appreciatiable. The Indian customer no matter how advanced or sophisticated they m ight be the traditional culture of mithai could not replace the chocolates Indians have a massive sweet tooth but its filled with mithai but not chocolate says (Ramesh Srinivas executive director of KPMG Advisory services India) even huge multinational company like Cadburys could not crack the market as the consumption of chocolate in India is 54gms per captia. Cadburys worked out with amul to make mithai and add chocolate like Indo Western style but it did not attract customers so Cadbury did intensive research and started promoting through different media and hit the slogan just for kids in 90s. Later on they shifted to the campaign for teenagers who shared the real taste of life, memorable instances which stayed in everyones life like a girl dancing in the cricket field this campaign was awarded the campaign of century in India. From here they targeted the campaign of consumption of chocolates amongst adults which was portrayed by Mr. Amitabh Bachan were different relations, spec ial moments, festive occasions, reunions were showed with happiest moments with a slogan kuch meeta ho jaya this is an excellent technique of reaching the Indian cultural barrier of mithai the promotion of Cadbury cleverly put up to equalize a chocolate and a mithai. Technological Cadburys entered the Indian market where people could recognize the brand only with a purple cover. Technically the taste of the Indians in the food or confectioners are different so the varieties that Indians crave about the purple cover should not be just the Dairy Milk so they came up with fruits and nuts, crackle, roast almond which were very famous in youth and adults to attract the kids they started with goodies and rewards with the purchase of Cadbury chocolate. The approach through media with best quality and mind lingering advertisements were done by the creative team who held up the Cadbury chocolate as luxury compared to other small confectioners in India. The punch lines used with Indians own famous game cricket the sport was also enhanced. People started liking the marketing strategy and the campaigning and it dominated 70% of the share market. The snack time in the evenings was a huge market in India they came up with Cadburys bytes. Cadbury has maintained high quality and value for money it also made Cadbury dairy milk as a dessert with slogan something sweet after meal and for kids the wowie chocolate with Disney characters embossed in it. The 2in 1 dairy milk a combination of white chocolate and milk chocolate. Economic The Cadburys and Krafts acquisition was priced but they individually grew on their strength in most of the countries. Krafts is the key market globally when they ventured together but in India they started leaning on Cadburys more, so it was ahead in confectionary business. The nestle was very far distant as number 2 when compared Cadbury .According to the marketing research firm-AC.Nelson Cadbury brand with milk addictive bourn vita has earned 70% of Indias market and earned us$425 million and 30% of sugar boiled confectionary category with us$1 billion i.e., 30%of it. The network of business selling its product across India is 1.2 billion shops as India is still agrarian society although the number of super markets or hyper markets are more the food is still bought at neighborhood stores called kirana shops. No matter Cadbury tried launching its first apple drink, dollops ice-cream, and the Indian customer recognizes the purple color as Cadburys brand. Cadbury had to change purchas ing price in India when globally it was around 10% with inclusion of interest, and taxes etc., and 27% margin was paid by krafts. The low prices with which Cadbury had the foothold in India and also business technique of the retailers in India to do business on daily working capital and fast moving products only and this increased the marketing strategy by segregating their products into different lines like gums, chocolates, mints, drinks, etc., Even if foreign markets would like to put up their confectionaries the pricing would be a big criteria and loss. The localization strategy has been adopted though slower but the products are made to the Indian customers taste. Most of the retailers do not have refridgirators, so they came up with mini packs which with-stand the heat of India with retaining the chocolate inside without any outer influence in dairy milk products. The costing of the packaging was 50 cents earlier it is costing 4 cents now. This strategy has helped the retailer s and the consumer and they were happy as Cadbury has been maintaining, quality, price and adapting Indian consumers taste. This has been amendable and kept the pace of making Indian customer to think that the value for money has been maintained and satisfied according to the Indian culture and taste. Political The worlds biggest confectionary across the globe had stepped into India with mouth watering brand the Cadbury chocolate. Although it took 60 years to register in the Indian market it employed 50,000across the globe says in 60 countries. They had a slogan in India creating brands people love. It also worked with Indian government in development of cocoa cultivation; it did also conduct research in kerala the agricultural university and educated the farmers. And right now its operating four categories in India like chocolate confectionaries, milk food drinks, gums and candies. Salmonella scare was biggest threat to the Cadbury Schweppes seven products globally. Salmonella is bacteria which was caused by a leaking pipe it might have occurred while the mixture of chocolate crumb was taking place at marl brook chocolate plant which is made into milk chocolate. This was not stated to the food standard agency as it had to get the stock back of one million chocolate bars and this contamination of bacteria costed them threat to health and they were charged 30 million pounds. They were with cases of 6 charges against them for breaching health and safety legislation but they took the step and retained the entire stock. The commitment to environment was the water conservation with unique new techniques at Bangalore factory; it started using solar energy to reduce the carbon di oxide and also driving towards the global warming. There was a major issue of child labour in south Africa with cocoa cultivation as its the 90%of worlds biggest producers and they fought for it. They also created and supported needs for underprivileged children. They started spreading smiles on the innocent faces not only with mouth lingering Cadbury chocolate but also good quality for any person in need. Methodology The gold standard is the consideration which is defined for chocolate in India for Cadburys. The brand which was a deal stuck with kraft foods did lot of international business however, when they stepped into India, Kraft had to depend on Cadburys in the market. Where a culturally different customer did not accept krafts brands, after a slow persuasion the purple covered product that is Cadburys has taken over 70% of confectionary market in the long journey of 60 years. The excellent marketing strategies which they used to register and connecting to Indian values through slogans which touched Indian customers heart and brought smile on their face from a kid to adults. The strategy was proven brand loyaltys best example with customer centric business. Although it did not realize to go with customers taste previously they faced lot of setbacks. Conclusion The taste of life a slogan which connected the people for a a long decade itself shows how the product has emerged as no.1 most trusted in Mumbai in India. It also is considered as marketing leader who changed the taste of India. Cadbury did not step back with the nutritional elements in its product line. The candies and gumbs have been strategically registered in a Childs mind also giving the difference the salty bytes and sweet bytes. Cadburys bytes like snacks to Cadbury chocolate varieties. The quality. The value, the purpose which drove lot of consumers to a brand with such immense loyalty and they have trusted the beautiful product which I can say that every generation has relished. And Cadburys had fought back with all the myths and giving facts of benefits from chocolate or rather creating world wide study of CHOCOLOGY.

Parkinsons Disease Essay -- essays research papers

James Parkinson first discovered Parkinson's Disease in 1817. Parkinson's Disease is a common neurologic disorder for the elderly. It is a disorder of the brain characterized by shaking and difficulty with walking, movement, and coordination. This disease is associated with damage to a part of the brain that controls muscle movement. Parkinson's Disease is a chronic illness that is still being extensively studied. Parkinson's Disease has caused problems for many people in this world and plagued the elderly all over the world.Parkinson's disease still puzzles doctors and the causes are unknown. It is known that it is a non-communicable disease and may even be hereditary. Parkinson's disease is thought to be caused by external factors. Most of the cases of this disease are caused by progressive deterioration of the nerve cells, which control muscle movement. Dopamine, one of the substances used in the brain to transmit impulses, is produced in the area of deterioration. Without this vital dopamine nerve cells cannot properly transmit messages resulting in a loss of muscle function.Parkinson's Disease is a non-communicable disease and doctors have not yet found out whether or not it is a hereditary disease. Parkinson's Disease has many distinct symptoms. The symptoms are:Muscle Rigiditystiffness difficulty bending arms or legsunstable, stooped, or slumped-over posture loss of balancewalking pattern changesslow movements difficulty beginning to walk difficulty initiating any...

The Mediatization of Politics in Western Democracies Essay example --

This growing influence of the mass media and changes in communication has led to the subordination of the power of other influential institutions in society. â€Å"This process is referred to as â€Å"mediatisation† and as a result of mediatisation institutions in society and society as a whole is shaped by and ultimately dependent on the mass media† (Mazzoleni and Schulz 1999: 247 – 261). This ultimately means a â€Å"media logic† has formed. In relation to politics the theory of mediatisation is extremely relevant as it is argued that the media shapes political campaigns and political figures. However others argue that the theory of mediatisation and the media has no influence over politics nor does it shape politics. Also that politics remains in control of political processes and functions. In this essay I plan to delve into these arguments to then come up with a conclusion to answer the question of whether there has actually been a â€Å"mediatisatio n† of politics. The first aspect of the mediatisation of politics is the degree to which the media constitutes to be the dominant source of information and channel of political information. This raises the question on whether the media is the main source of information for politics in society. The mass media in politics plays an important role in campaign strategies, communications and opinion polling. An election campaign involves many activities such as speeches, rallies, and press conferences and so on. It is the media which covers these activities and ultimately which political party is winning. This constant coverage of political affairs in the media shows that the media is the main source of communication for politicians in order for the public to find out what is happening in relation to po... ...rketing of Politics Oxford: Blackwells (Chapter 10) Lilleker, D., 2008, Key Concepts in Political Communications. SAGE London Negrine, R. (1996) Communication in the Future of Democracy, Cambridge: University Press Neil T Gavin (2009) Addressing climate change: a media perspective Environmental Politics, 18(5), 765-780 Plasser, F. And Plasser, G. (2002) Global political campaigning: a worldwide analysis of campaigning professionals and their practices_ Praeger Scammel, M. (1995) Designer Politics Basing stoke: Macmillian. (Chapter 8) Web referencing Gordon Brown: I will continue to use YouTube: PM says he will continue using YouTube because it is 'one of the most important mediums' after Tory MP Bill Cash congratulates Brown on his 'comedy turn' accessed 21 Nov. 2012 at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/29/gordon-brown-youtube-video

Traffic Problems

[pic] A research Report on Traffic problems in Big Cities (Islamabad) [pic] By: Aqsa Shahzadi (100827) Basharat Jamil (100811) Kaneez Amna (100869) Sidra Tul Muntaha (100809) Hamza Ashraf (100803) Submitted to: Mr. Naveed Ahsan Business communication BBA-3B [pic] Air University Islamabad [pic] Table of Content Contents Page No 1. Introduction3 1. 1 Core issue:3 1. 2 Purpose:3 1. 3 Scope3 1. 4 Methodology3 1. 4. 1 Findings5 3. Traffic jams in different areas of Islamabad city8 4. Causes of Traffic Problem. 9 5. Solutions to Traffic Problems10 6. Limitations11 7. References11 8. Interview Questions. 12 [pic] 1.INTRODUCTION 1. 1 CORE ISSUE: Our core issue is traffic problems at the entrance areas of Islamabad. Why mostly traffic jams in these area and how traffic is controlled in those areas by the traffic police. 1. 2 PURPOSE: People suffer a lot of problem due to traffic jam. We must give solutions to control traffic and avoid traffic jams. Students, teachers, office workers face prob lems because sometimes due to coming late they miss their meetings and face other problems as well. 1. 3 SCOPE: We are working at the entrance areas of Islamabad i. e. Barakow and Golra. Sometimes due to heavy protocols people face traffic jams.Major traffic jams are at school and office timings. We also face traffic problem on Friday. We will give solutions to the problems to solve this issue. 1. 4 METHODOLOGY: We adopted two types of methodologies which are as follow: 1. Quantitative methodology. 2. Qualitative methodology. [pic] QUANTITATIVE METHODOLOGY: We collect data through questionnaire. Our sample space is 30. We distributed 30 questionnaires among the students of Air University. We collected data from both male and female students. 15 questionnaires were filled by female students and 15 were filled by male students. We will also give the analysis report of our survey. pic] [pic] 1. 4. 1 FINDINGS After survey the responses of male and female students with percentage is give n below: |Â  Q. NO. |QUESTIONS |MALE |FEMALE | | | | YES | NO | YES | NO | |1. |Buses and trucks creating traffic problem. |93. 33% |6. 67% |86. 67% |13. 33% | |2. |Signals helping to control traffic. |86. 67% |13. 33% |93. 3% |6. 67% | |3. |Traffic police performing his duty well. |80. 00% |20. 00% |53. 33% |46. 67% | |4. |Long routes creating a lot of problems. |33. 33% |66. 67% |46. 67% |53. 33% | |5. |Traffic problems are cause of accidents. |80. 00% |20. 00% |93. 33% |6. 67% | |6. |More roads reduce traffic jam. |80. 00% |20. 00% |80. 00% |20. 00% | |7. |Small roads and number of cars are the causes of traffic |100. 00% |0. 00% |80. 0% |20. 00% | | |problems. | | | | | |8. |Are you satisfied from the process of selecting players for |100. 00% |0. 00% |93. 33% |6. 67% | | |different games? | | | | | |9. |More cars due to bank financing are also causes of traffic |60. 00% |40. 00% |66. 67% |33. 33% | | |problem. | | | | | |10. Old cars and trucks are creating traffic problems. |66. 67% |33. 33% |66. 67% |33. 33% | |11. |Lack of traffic sense among people is also a cause of traffic |100. 00% |0. 00% |93. 33% |6. 67% | | |problems. | | | | | |12. |Government is taking steps to avoid traffic jams. |33. 33% |66. 67% |40. 00% |60. 00% | |13. |Government is creating awareness among people about traffic. |33. 33% |66. 7% |33. 33% |66. 67% | |14. |Civil administrations fail to solve traffic problems. |66. 67% |33. 33% |66. 67% |33. 33% | |15. |Non-custom vehicles contributing to increase traffic. |80. 00% |20. 00% |100. 00% |0. 00% | [pic] The following graph is showing the responses of males in Yes/No and also in percentage. [pic] [pic] The following graph is showing the responses of females in Yes/No and also in percentage. [pic] QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY: We interviewed one of the police officers at Golra.The questions we asked from him are attached at the end of this report. [pic] 3. TRAFFIC JAMS IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF ISLAMABAD CITY [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] 4. C AUSES OF TRAFFIC PROBLEMS: 1. Small roads for the number of cars and motor cycles. 2. Broken roads in some areas as people don’t like to move from the broken part so traffic increases on rest of the road. 3. More cars due to bank financing. Now everyone can afford a car so more cars are there on the road. 4. Old cars and trucks. Government doesn’t have a clear policy about old cars and trucks. Even 30 years old cars are still running on roads like foxy & Suzuki. . Lack of traffic sense amongst the people. People don’t have traffic sense. Traffic police and media should play their role in creating traffic sense amongst the people. [pic] [pic] 5. SOLUTIONS TO TRAFFIC PROBLEMS: 1. First we have to use more often the public transport. This is the best solution. Also we would recommend to walk a little more or to ride a bicycle. 2. Have a proper public transport system and it is in our hands to reduce the use of our car every day by using public transport. 3. Make th e conditions of roads good, Make more lanes on the road and making alternative routes. 4.Create traffic awareness amongst the people though media and other sources. 5. Traffic problems can be reduced by either increasing road capacity (supply), or by reducing traffic (demand). 6. Different timing of starting and closings of offices and schools to avoid the rush in the morning, afternoon and evening on roads. 7. Make strict laws make them force able through traffic police. Government should put their best efforts to avoid traffic jams and other traffic problems. 8. Old cars should be scrapped and bank financing should be for commercial cars only. [pic] [pic] [pic] 6.LIMITATIONS: 1. Convince Problems. 2. Non availability of traffic police officer. 3. Hard university scheduled. 4. Police officer was not willing to give interview. 7. REFERENCES: ? www. google. com ? www. wikipedia. com ? Police officer [pic] 8. INTERVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What difficulties do you face in controlling the tra ffic? 2. Do people follow the rules and regulations? 3. Do people cooperate? How is their behavior? 4. How do you manage the traffic when there is a rout? 5. How do you act when there is accident and what are your precautions? 6. Rush hours create a problem for you. How do you manage?

Creating An Effective Curriculum

Part 1: Sum up the cardinal beliefs the theoretical account promotes sing the acquisition and development of immature kids. Part 2: Supply an lineation of the theoretical influences that have been used in the development of the course of study theoretical account. What theories have influenced the current theoretical account and how are they reflected. Part 3: Sketch the cardinal scheduling and course of study elements the selected theoretical account uses for planning and puting up the acquisition environment. The paper will necessitate to sketch how elements of observation, planning and execution are used. Part 4: Supply a sum-up of the types of appraisal and certification schemes used to measure ongoing acquisition and program subsequent chances. Part 5: Using the ELECT papers rules used in the class, measure if and how the selected theoretical account supports the six nucleus rules. Include specific illustrations of how the single elements are supported by the theoretical account. Supply a set of recommendations for how the ELECT elements can be better supported in the theoretical account being researched, by pedagogues working in an early acquisition environment.Important:This assignment will be completed separately. All assignments must run into academic criterions of authorship, including referencing. Plagiarism is academic discourtesy. Assignments must be stapled, and have a cover sheet with your name, class name, teacher name, and due day of the month. This assignment is deserving 35 % of your grade, and will be marked following the affiliated marker rubric.Taging Rubric: Curriculum Model Research PaperAims non met 0 Markss Partially met outlooks 1 grade Met the basic outlooks as outlined for assignment 2marks Met the basic outlooks and besides provided some extra information to supply a clearer apprehension of subject 3marks Aims Thoroughly Met ( Comprehensive research and treatment of subject to the full supported with statements ; critical thought demonstrated. 4 Markss Provided a clear debut to paper sketching subject to be researched. Clearly identified cardinal beliefs built-in in course of study attack Cleary identified the assorted theories underlying theoretical account ‘s beliefs Who? and How? ) Explained the function of observations in the theoretical account – How they are done. – Purpose of observations Explain how the initial planning is done utilizing the course of study theoretical account. – How learning experiences are determined. – How curriculum programs are recorded/tracked. – Function of the squad in planning. Explain how course of study is implemented. – Particular construction that needs to be used. – How are stuffs and infinite used? – How does the theoretical account ‘s usage of clip impact the continuance of the acquisition experiences? – Educator ‘s function during assorted facets of course of study. Sum up the types of appraisal schemes used in this course of study theoretical account. – Identified the function of appraisal in the course of study attack. What is the function of certification in this course of study attack? Used clear illustrations to explicate how this attack supports ELECT rule: Early kid development sets the foundation for womb-to-tomb acquisition, behaviour and wellness. Used clear illustrations to explicate how this attack supports ELECT rule: Partnerships with households and communities strengthen the ability of early childhood scenes to run into the demands of immature kids. Used clear illustrations to explicate how this attack supports ELECT rule: Respect for diverseness, equity, and inclusion are requirements for honouring kids ‘s rights, optimum development, and acquisition. Used clear illustrations to explicate how this attack supports ELECT rule: A planned course of study supports early acquisition. Used clear illustrations to explicate how this attack supports ELECT rule: Play is a agency to early acquisition that capitalizes on kids ‘s natural wonder and exuberance. Used clear illustrations to explicate how this attack supports ELECT rule: Knowing, antiphonal early childhood professionals are indispensable. Provided clear and concrete recommendations for how curriculum theoretical account can break back up the ELECT rules. Provided a clear set of reasoning comments sing what was learned from the research conducted. 0 Not done 1 Not done satisfactorily 2 Met satisfactorily Paper is organized, stapled and include screen. Academic criterion of English and grammar is used. Multiple beginnings of information are reflected in research. Mentions are formatted to A.P.A. manner. Entire MARK / 72 /35 AbstractionAChilds are adventurers and love to look into what is traveling on around them. Imagine if their whole twenty-four hours was spent in anA environment with beautyA formed by their ain creativeness? A Having the chance to play with natural and unfastened endedA stuffs of their ownA involvements, guidanceA from pedagogues to build their acquisition and believing on exciting subjects, and most significantly holding their households be greatly involved in their twenty-four hours, the larning results of each kid would be concrete and long lasting. These are the sorts of chances provided by pedagogues from the Reggio Emilia Approach, found by research worker and instructor Loris Malguzzi. â€Å" Creativity seems to emerge from multiple experiences, coupled with a well-supported development of personal resources, including a sense of freedom to venture beyond the known † ( Loris Malaguzzi, The Hundred Languages of Children, ch. 3, by Carolyn Edwards ( 1993 ) . This essay will be discoursing what the Reggio Emilia Approach is, and which constructivist theories influence the Reggio Emilia course of study. It will besides bring out the course of study elements and cardinal scheduling used in the attack and in conclusion how its attack supports the six rules of the ELECT papers used in Ontario. The subjects discussed in this paper will be based on the research found in the book Authentic Childhood Experiencing Reggio Emilia in the Classroom by Susan Fraser and besides on-line beginnings. A A A A A A First of all, what is the Reggio Emilia Approach? This inquiry arises amongst many people like, research workers in kid surveies, parents looking for child care, pedagogues looking to work, the authorities when looking to see statistics to see what course of study theoretical account has a successful result of quality child care and many more individuals who are interested in what different child care attacks provide.A In relation to this, the Reggio Emilia Approach was found by an early instruction specializer from a town in North Italy called Reggio Emilia his name was Loris Malaguzzi ( 1920-1994 ) . Malaguzzi ‘s vision attracts the universe through his drama and undertaking based course of study, kids play and pedagogues guide their drama into undertakings that involvement them. The attack is a combination of rules that build the kid centred environment and course of study. â€Å" Collaboration † is when everyone works together and includes parents, pedagogues, communities and the kids ; â€Å" the image of the child-conceptualizing an image of the kid as competent, imaginative, and full of thoughts † ( Fraser, 2000, Page 8 ) . The â€Å" environment † is known as the 3rd instructor as it is carefully set up by pedagogues to dispute the kid ‘s wonder and acquisition. â€Å" Documenting † is a show of what the kid ‘s experiences are shown through linguistic communication and creativeness. â€Å" Aggravation † is when pedagogues listen carefully to what the kids are stating and farther steer the ideas and achievements. Plans and probes are besides made by everyone involved, which is known as â€Å" progettazione † . A alone rule found in the Reggio Emilia attack is the â€Å" one hundred linguistic communi cations of kids † which means that the kids use many different resources and stuffs to â€Å" do symbolic representations of thoughts that may originate † ( Fraser, 2000, Page 8 ) . The rules from the Reggio Emilia Approach besides include uninterrupted drama. As a whole it is an exciting acquisition environment for the kids, pedagogues and parents all co-learning together. As a 2nd point, allow ‘s discourse which theories influence the Reggio Emilia course of study. For case in a Montessori school the doctrine will be of Maria Montessori and the twenty-four hours will be planned out utilizing didactic stuffs and consecutive stairss based on her research on kid surveies. The Reggio Emilia Approach is non merely based on one doctrine like the Montessori but it is really based on a figure of different philosophers. including Jean Piaget ‘s theory for the sequences of cognitive development, Lev Vygotsky theory for the societal facets of acquisition and the importance of drama, Jean Dewey ‘s theory for the function of drama, human nature and â€Å" sing the kid in the context of the household and society † ( Fraser,2000, Page14 ) , Hugh Gardiner ‘s theory of multiple intelligences, Urie Bronfenbrenner ‘s theory on the environment, Barbara Biber ‘s theory included coaction and positive ego image, and there may be mo re. As a consequence of holding so many doctrines combined in the Reggio Emilia Approach, it is known to be a theoretical account, concentrating on the whole kid, development, environment, drama, household engagement, self image controlled by pedagogues truly understanding how to steer kids to show their feelings, and how kids use their multiple intelligence and symbolic linguistic communication. The 3rd subject this paper is turn toing, what are the course of study elements and cardinal scheduling used in Reggio Emilia Schools? Curriculum is what the kids learn from and the experiences they have when being cared for in a kid attention Centre. Key scheduling is the ends and agendas that a school may hold. Traditionally a batch of early child care Centres would be after what toys and activities the kids would play with and so assist and learn the kids how to utilize them or how to make an activity and so a study may be written to demo parents how the kid is acquiring along harmonizing to the kid ‘s development phase. In the Reggio Emilia Approach the course of study is really different to traditional instructor taught course of studies. It is planned by what the kids are interested in while playing and prosecuting in activities of their pick. Appraisal is used to be after what to make in the schoolroom based on a kid ‘s involvements. Its function in the undertaking procedure is to larn the kids ‘s behavior, to detect kids ‘s involvements, to revisit undertakings with the kids, to derive cognition on the kids ‘s capablenesss and as a tool to analyze kids. The Reggio Approach suggests that by measuring undertakings over and over once more, kids understand their ain inquiries. It besides stresses that parents, kids and pedagogues are co-learners. Additionally the principle for pedagogues is to measure alongside the kids. Educators facilitate instead than directing the kids. Educators assess by detecting and stepping in or stepping back whenever they need to. They besides ask of import inquiries that challenge the kids to calculate things out by their ain wonder. Documentation is besides used to be after the Reggio Approach. Here there are many different methods of certification from simple note signifier to â€Å" the more sophisticated electronic equipment, such as digital cameras, webs, audio recording equipments, and picture recording equipments † ( Fraser, 2000, Page 83 ) depending on what sort of observations are being made. The different experimental techniques are running records which are the method used more frequently, clip sampling, art shows, event sampling, anecdotal records, tape recording, sequences of exposure, shows of undertakings, and picture tapes. In the Reggio Approach certification is used every bit shortly as something happens, The journal of Laura a diary taken from a Reggio Centre in Italy provinces that instructors work closely with the kids taking notes, entering observations they think have intending toward the acquisition of that kid. Documentation is done when needed there ‘s non merely specific timings, notes can be taken at any clip, Documentation is done to further appraisal and planning towards undertakings that kids want to get down or are already working towards. The Reggio Emilia Approach does non hold an organized planned course of study it is really really self-generated and is built harmonizing to single or group involvements of the kids. To stress that the course of study is self-generated and is planned on the involvement of the kids pedagogues use different methods of observations at any clip. There are many ways to detect in the Reggio Approach. Note pickings is one manner to detect, they besides use journals to compose contemplations on observations, picture taking, picture, sound, written, watching drama and careful hearing to conversations. Parental observations are taken at place and noted. The principle for the parent appraisals are that they know their kids best and kids are carefully observed on how the environment is used. The Reggio Emilia Approach suggests that kids speak one hundred symbolic linguistic communications and they use observations to find and understand what these linguistic communications are. To clear up, obse rvations are used for appraisal, certification, planning and implementing the course of study. With this in head the pedagogue ‘s function is to steer the natural wonder and acquisition of the kids, and the environment is known as the 3rd instructor. â€Å" The kids are small research workers. They can and desire to pass on with the environing universe † ( Reggio Emilia Philosophy, www.education.com ) . There are many factors that have to be taken into history when it comes to the function of observations and implementing. â€Å" The determination to transport out observations is normally the consequence of a inquiry that has arisen about a kid or a group of kids and their behavior or activities in the Centre † . ( Fraser, 2000, Page 81 ) Similarly, other factors have of import functions in implementing the acquisition procedure, for illustration clip is of import. Children need tonss of clip to work on on-going undertakings. In the Reggio Emilia Approach there are no clip limits on undertakings. Children work on undertakings every bit long as they are still interested. Space and layout is carefully set up for dramatic drama, H2O drama, block drama, physical and use, art and creativeness, out-of-door drama, and quiet clip country. This encourages societal accomplishments, job work outing accomplishments, doing personal picks and squad work methods. â€Å" Teachers carefully form infinites for little and big group undertakings and little confidant infinites for one, two and three kids † . ( About Reggio Emilia doctrine, www.education.com ) The environment is made to look beautiful and inviting. Another factor in implementing the course of study procedure is that the resources that are provided by the pedagogue, another of import function of the pedagogue. Materials are carefully chosen they can be natural stuffs, playthings, games, H2O drama, originative stuffs, unfastened ended stuffs, blocks, mystifiers, books, sand playthings, or even dress up apparels for dramatic drama. Children use the stuffs so they can play and foster their acquisition. To pull strings and get down the procedure of undertakings the pedagogues use positive linguistic communication and encouragement to assist kids larn how to show their emotions. Educators plan team meetings to discourse the observations and planning. Parents are ever welcome to fall in or assist do determinations. Meetings are used to be after what stuffs need to be taken out, how the environment should be set up, what is needed for undertakings that are emerging and besides what things need to be changed. The Reggio Emilia Approach is really similar to the emergent course of study. A batch of the factors used in Reggio are used in the emergent course of study, but the emergent course of study emphasizes development and involvement and Reggio emphasizes on involvement. The concluding point to discourse in this paper is about how the Reggio Emilia Approach uses all six rules of the ELECT papers. In the Reggio Emilia Approach there is a nexus to the first rule of the ELECT papers which is â€Å" Early kid development sets the foundation for womb-to-tomb acquisition, behaviour and wellness † An illustration of this is that journals are shown to parents, each undertaking is based on being kid centered and play based which means that it has to be developmentally appropriate, each appraisal is done to calculate out the involvements of the kid and each kid is observed to their ain developmental phase and long term undertakings are used so pedagogues can see how kids are turning and are developing their acquisition. Besides there are assorted doctrines used in the Reggio Approach one in peculiar linked to the different phases and sequences of development are the doctrine of Piaget. The 2nd rule of the ELECT papers is â€Å" Partnerships with households and communities strengthen the ability of early childhood scenes to run into the demands of kids † . The nexus to the Reggio Emilia Approach to the 2nd rule are that parents work as carbon monoxide scholars with pedagogues and kids in the Reggio Emilia attack and exposure are displayed around the Centre for the kids to hold a reminder of place. The 3rd rule of the ELECT papers is â€Å" Respect for diverseness, equity and inclusion are requirements for honouring kids ‘s rights, optimum development and acquisition: . The following nexus to The Reggio Emilia Approach is parents are of import, one influence is the doctrine of Bronfenbrenner, â€Å" everyone involved -children, parents and teacher pay an built-in portion in what is known as the circle of we † ( Fraser, page.102 ) Reggio Centre ‘s regard and support households, civilizations and all diverse state of affairss, in add-on to this, the Approach besides brings households together, larning about the different households, civilizations, nutrient and dressing up. The 4th rule of the ELECT papers is â€Å" A planned course of study supports early acquisition † . This rule is met by the undertakings that take topographic point in the Reggio schools, undertakings are worked on in deepness and item, the kid centered attack and kids ‘s involvement program the course of study. â€Å" The Reggio Emilia Approach can be defined hence as â€Å" contextual † , that is, it is determined by the duologue among kids, instructors and the environment environing them † ( The Reggio Emilia Approach – Truly listening to immature kids, www.oecd.org ) . The 5th rule is â€Å" Play is a agency to early acquisition that capitalizes on kids ‘s natural wonder and exuberance † , this rule is linked to the Reggio Emilia Approach The Reggio Approach is play based and has the same doctrine to the ELECT and the Emergent which is that kids learn and grow through different types of drama. â€Å" The word â€Å" drama † is non a often used word in The Reggio Approach, although as seen above, self-generated drama and drama valued as â€Å" meaningful acquisition † figure among the ends for larning and development. ( The Reggio Emilia Approach – Truly listening to immature kids, www.oecd.org ) , in add-on to this the Reggio Emilia Approach besides states that drama is used to picture 100 different linguistic communications through symbolic linguistic communications. The last rule, rule six is â€Å" Knowing, antiphonal early childhood professionals are indispensable † . This rule is besides linked to Reggio Emilia ‘s Approach, as Reggio Centers have instructors with extended staff development ; instructors make ends for them self and instructors besides learn alongside the kids heightening their apprehension of kids. Another illustration of this rule is that the pedagogues of Reggio schools sometimes are non qualified but learn from the other instructors and through each day-to-day experience with the kids. In decision to this paper it shows that it can take a figure of doctrine ‘s to make a high quality theoretical account, and that non merely one doctrine is better than another, but each doctrine really compliments one another, likewise it proves that kids do n't needfully necessitate to be taught by a instructor but can larn by holding the chance to build their ain acquisition through a kid centered attack. In add-on this paper besides shows that the function of drama, civilization, parents, pedagogues, the environment, observations, appraisal, certification, and planning are all really of import to implement a kid ‘s acquisition to do up a theoretical account like the Reggio Emilia Approach. Finally this paper proves that the Reggio Emilia Approach follows an emergent course of study that can associate to all six rules of the model provided by the ELECT papers.