Cultural Change and Change Management Essay

List some of the complexities of cultural change, and explain shy, in your opinion, change is so difficult to manage. Cultural change takes place in organization when the current culture is not in accordance with the goals and objectives o the company or is not fulfilling the changes that have taken place in the external and the internal environment of the organization. The cultural change usually involves a radical transformation of the policies and [procedures in the origination as well as changes to the values, beliefs and norms that exist between the different people related to the organization itself. In most cases when cultural change tales place it is a result of restructuring of the organization as well. The problems and complexities that are presented by the process of cultural change in the organization pertain to the immense task of defining a new culture for the people in the organization. Usually the old culture is instilled in the members of the organization, as they have gotten used to operating according to the rules, policies, procedures and norms dictated by the old culture, therefore when a cultural change has to take place, all the members have to be informed and briefed about the specific changes taking place. The problems in the process of cultural change take place when the cultural change meets resistance from the people in the organization itself. Other complexities of cultural change include defining the salient points of the old culture, establishing how the new culture is different form the old culture, devising programs through which the new culture can be taught to the people in the company and established as the norms in the organization. Additionally the strenuous process of cultural change and the time required form the cultural change to take place in an organization itself pose as complexities for the organization. Cultural change is often difficult and a very strenuous process as â€Å"organizational cultures are formed for a reason. Perhaps the current organizational culture matches the style and comfort zone of the company founder. Culture frequently echoes the prevailing management style. † (Heathfield, 2007) This as mentioned before is very difficult to change as people have to be taught all over again as to how top adjust to the new culture and what are the norms depicted by the new culture. Moreover the complex process of cultural change also has face brutal retribution from the hesitant and resisting parties who can openly initiate protests against the company. One thing that has to be kept in mind regarding the process of cultural change in organization is that cultural change is never possible in a top down flow form of the hierarchy in the organization. The cultural is supposed to be derived and specifically for the people of the organization. This means that culture has to rise for the bottom to the top of the organizational structural. In this manner most of the complexities listed can be avoided. 2. What happens when two companies merge? Does one culture dominates the other, or does a new culture emerge? Explain, and use examples. In most cases when two companies merge the two companies usually try to keep their organization cultures intact. However if the organization change that is taking place is the kind related to a merger then there is a high chance that despite the efforts of the organization to retain their corporate cultures, a new culture emerges. This new culture shares the same values with the previous culture in the organizations and provides for the beliefs and norms that are present in both the organizations. However in case of an acquisition where one company takes over the other company by acquiring large number of shares in it or outright the company, in such cases the cultural change that takes place pertain to adoption of the culture that is present in the dominant or acquiring organization. In this case the resistance against the cultural change is much intense and stronger as people are usually opposed to the culture of the acquiring organization. However the best policy that is suggested for managing cultural changes in organizations when a consolidation or a merger Is taking place is to develop and establish a new culture which is in accordance with the previous cultures in the organization and provides for the new organization structure as well by being cohesive in nature and adapted to the operations and the environment of the organization. An example of cultural change coming about as a change in the organization structure exists in the case of Swiss Re Americas Division. â€Å"The Swiss Re Americas Division provides a striking example of culture change and subsequent improved performance. In 2000, the division scored in the lowest percentile for each of the four culture traits, and was running at a loss. Following a series of substantial changes, by 2002 the organization had improved its strategic mission, level of adaptability, degree of involvement of its people, and its internal consistency. † (Denison, 2007) The company is now a highly profitable entity which has been operating in a smooth fashion due to is cultural change 3. Describe in your own words the `Flux and Transformation` metaphor presented by Schein. Under what condition does this work best? Why? The organization exists in a flux which can stir transformation. This metaphor states that the organization is a stable entity in an unstable environment. As a result the organization can be effected by the changes that take place in the environment in a dramatic manner. However it can also be argues that the environment is not a separate entity form the organization, but actually a part of the organization itself. This is derived form the fact that organizations are always operating and determining strategies which adapt to the changes that take place in the environment. In fact the environment established the sustainability of the organization. Schein used the metaphor of ‘Flux and Transformation’ in the case of Multicom to demonstrate how the organization theory. According to ‘Flux and Transformation’ Schein depicted that it is possible for comprehend the logic behind the change talking place in a company. Through the use of the metaphor the self image of the company can be said to derive the position it holds in the market and the understanding it forms of its environment. Schein was able to establish in his works that metaphor analysis can be used to identify the inherent culture in the organizations and the various components of the culture and the subcultures that need to change or can derive a change. Schien was also of the opinion that the results of the metaphor analysis could also be used to form perspectives for the organization change and the change in its culture. The flux and transition metaphor as a result suggests that it possible to influence change in an organization which can derive a transformation in the culture that exists in it. 4. When is culture change absolutely necessary for an organization? List at least three examples, and describe them. A change is in the cultural change is absolutely necessary when the culture is not in tune with the orientation of the company and poses a hindrance in the achievement for the long term strategic goals and objectives of the company. The cultural change that takes place however can be a result of various factors. One of which is cultural change through the existence of a subculture. It is possible for a string subculture to exist in an organization which can derive the change in the currently existing culture in the organization. In cases where the subculture is more relevant to the strategy of the company, then it is possible for the subculture to emerge in the organization as the main culture which can be adopted by the organization. The other reason as to why change can become absolutely necessary for the organization’s culture when a new technology is being adopted. The new technology adoption can bring about changes to the business activities and the way business operations can conducted in the business. This can affect the culture of the organization and the orientation of the organization, making it necessary to change the culture in order to correspond to the technology changes that are taking place in the organization. The third example where it can become necessary to change the culture of the organization is in the even of a merger, or a consolidation of the business the change in the business structure as well as the different business that are undertaken by the organization derive change for the culture in the organization. This is because the new organizations can bring their own cultures along with them and when the organization is working as a complete entity, it needs to form a cohesive organization culture which can cater to all aspects of the organizational and its different business divisions. References Denison, D. , (2007), Is Your Company’s Culture Helping Or Hindering – Diagnosing company culture to build high performance, retrieved November 23, 2007 form http://64. 233. 183. 104/search? q=cache:AEFEY-xIEDIJ:www. imd. ch/research/challenges/upload/Is_your_companys_culture_helping_or_hindering. pdf+%22example+of+culture+change%22+%22mergers%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=pk Heathfield, S. M. , (2007), How to Change Your Culture: Organizational Culture Change, retrieved November 23, 2007 form http://humanresources. about. com/od/organizationalculture/a/culture_change. htm Morgan, G. , (2006), Images of Organization, Publisher: Sage Publications Inc, ISBN-10: 1412939798

Jose Rizal Movie Essay

Reaction Paper on the Movie Rizal The movie â€Å"Jose Rizal† is all about our National Hero Dr. Jose Rizal – Hislife and works, his struggles in order to free his countrymen from abuse, until hisdeath under the hands of the Spaniards who occupied our country for a very longtime.Most of the scenes of the film took place during Rizal’s imprisonment atDapitan wherein he meets Taviel, a Spanish officer, who will eventually defendhim on his trial in court. During their meeting, Taviel asks Rizal everything abouthim and his works through various questions. Every answer that Rizal broughtout from his mouth made Taviel realize that Rizal was indeed an innocent man. On the course of their conversation, Rizal talks about the making of hisTwo Novels â€Å"Noli Me Tangere† and its sequel â€Å"El Filibusterismo† which are bothanti Spanish Novels that depicts how the Spaniards rule the Philippines and howthe rights of the Filipinos were abolished. Rizal portrayed himself on the saidNovels – as Crisostomo Ibarra on â€Å"Noli Me Tangere† and as Simeon on â€Å"ElFilibusterismo.†Going through with the movie, while Rizal is telling his story to Taviel, thescene on the movie switches from his life story then to his portrayal on hisNovels. Sometimes the scene gets very difficult to follow because of the suddenswitches during the scenes on the movie most especially during the time that hisfirst novel was on the process of writing. Rizal, a brave and a man of his word, was never afraid whatever theconsequences he may suffer because of his writings that are against the friarsand also to Spaniards. His goal was to free the Philippines from the unjustgovernment of Spanish colony.In summary, the movie talks mostly of Rizal’s life until his death and thecreation of his great novels. The actors and actresses who acted on the moviedid a great job presenting how it was during Rizal’s time even though the saidevents in Rizal’s life were just written in books

Research one of the formulas in Statistics that we will cover and Project

Research one of the formulas in that we will cover and discuss the relevancy and application to the program - Statistics Project Example Probability can either be experimental of theoretical. The formula for calculating probability is the number of successful outcomes divided by the total number of outcomes in an event. While experimental probability is based on observations from past events or an experiment, theoretical probability relies on expectations due to nature of events (Brockopp and Tolsma, 2003). The relevance of the formula for finding probability is realized in nursing research, evidence based practice and administrative decision making such as determination of best practices. In determining probability of success of a nursing practice, probability helps in making decision on whether a practice should be adopted or not. The probability concept also helps in selection the best out of available practices by offering likelihood of success in each practice. Probability is therefore relevant to the nursing profession because it forms a basis for decision making in selection of nursing practices. It can be applied in any decision making process that is evidence based. This is because it relies on experiments or proved occurrences to offer predictions (Brockopp and Tolsma,

Service quality and cusomer satisfaction in academic libraries Essay

Service quality and cusomer satisfaction in academic libraries - Essay Example For this reason, there is an urgent need to identify and understand the factors that play a key role in bringing about improvement in a library’s quality of service and consumer satisfaction. Going through the process of development an academic library’s management should then start to â€Å"measure the gap between customers' expectation for excellence and their perception of actual service delivered by the library†. (Nitecki, 1997, p.1) this would be done by employing surveys that are structured using what is known as the â€Å"5 ServQUAL dimensions† (Nitecki, 1997, p.1), which are, â€Å"Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy†. (Nitecki, 1997, p.1), respectively these dimensions focus on, physical materials as well as the facilities of the library, the manner of delivering on commitments, the willingness to assist customers, the manner on how library employees make a guarantee of service that gets the by-in of the customers, an d finally how the library handles every customer concern with care. These dimensions would help in the creation of a structured survey. Another method of measurement that can be utilized to measure the expectation of a library’s clientele would be the LibQUAL method, this method however, directly attacks key areas of a library users â€Å"minimum, perceived, and desired levels of service quality† (Lock, Town, 2003, p.3) these key areas are, â€Å"Access to Information, Affect of Service, Library as Place, Personal Control†. (Lock, Town, 2003, p.3). Respectively these key areas focus on the â€Å"Human Dimension of Service Quality, Required information delivered in the format, location, and time of choice, How users want to interact with the modern library, As well as how adequate the facilities are within the library itself† (Cook, 2003, p.18-21). After Determining the expectations of the library’s customer a â€Å"service plan† (Hernon and Whitman, 2001, p.74) can now be formulated. Such a plan is geared towards the continuous fulfillment of the identified needs of their clientele as well as the further improvement of their operational procedures. There are several steps into the creation of a service plan these are: â€Å"establishing goals and objectives, taking control, setting expectations, defining the relationship, empower employees, asking for feedback, respond to customers† (Hernon and Whitman, 2001, p.91). After having identified the needs of their clientele as well as the points for improvement with respect to operational procedures, Goals can now be formed. In this formation process an organization has to make sure that the goals it sets are measurable. Thus it is worth noting that in the process of forming these goals one would be able to point out the feasible and the non feasible goals. Take for example goals set by an environmental protection agency, â€Å"instead of insisting on the costly atta inment of zero pollution instead it had formulated compliance regulations based on acceptable thresholds of tolerance such as pollutant levels not exceeding so many parts per billion† (Hernon and Whitman, 2001, p.75). While it is possible that the maximum potential for attaining consumer satisfaction may not be achieved due to the possibility that some of the needs of library goers might be deemed as a basis for a non feasible and measurable goals, for example â€Å"

Odani Motohiko, SP2 New Born (Viper A), mixed media in acrylic case Essay

Odani Motohiko, SP2 New Born (Viper A), mixed media in acrylic case (paraffin, steel, reinforced plastic fibers), 2007 - Essay Example The first picture that comes to one’s mind when he/she comes in contact with the Odani Motohiko SP2 New Born is a picture of a sea-horse. To some people, the actual message sent by this piece of art is quite unclear. This has made led to some criticism arguing that Odani Motohiko has answers â€Å"hanging in the air†. It is quite challenging to determine the kind of material used to create this piece of work. This may require an analysis that entails engaging in a physical contact with the art. However, generalized arguments may conclude that it is made from plastic materials or even refined clay soil. Many questions may be elicited when one comes in contact with this piece of work i.e. questions revolving around time, human facets fear et cetera. The artist claims that this piece of work creates a sense of futuristic feeling among viewers. The art also brings a sense of movement, uniqueness, dynamism, transformation as well as speed in the field of art. Research has shown that the field of art and sculpture was almost â€Å"dying†, the essence of the sculpture seems to be regenerated by the Odani Motohiko. In this regard, it seems that the Odani Motohiko brings a fresh look in the history of culture through evolution of the manner by, which sculptures are created i.e. through modern technology, presentation and the kinds of sense they elicit. It is also apparent that the art takes a dimension of modern piece of art work. To begin with, the materials used are contemporary i.e. steel, plastics et cetera. There is also a modern sense of presentation; it basically entails using modern mode of lighting, painting as well as storage. This may lead to a conclusion that this piece of art lacks historical continuity hence differentiating it from other pieces of ancient art work. "Google Images." Google Images. N.p., n.d.

Abortion controversy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Abortion controversy - Essay Example On the other hand, abortion that is recommended by the physician is usually meant to save the pregnant woman from the dangers she might be exposed to as a result of the pregnancy. In the philosophical perspective, abortion is evaluated on the moral status of the fetus. Despite the fetus having a moral right to life, it develops in the body of another person and therefore infringes the rights of that person to be free, especially in cases of pregnancy complications. Nevertheless, the fetus does not force itself in the womb. Rather, it develops through a conscious sexual act and therefore has a right to develop inside the body. These arguments generate controversy with regard to the right of a woman for self-determination. Some people support abortion on the basis of health and individual rights, others do not support on moral grounds and religion. In some countries such as the US, abortion is legal while in others especially in the Muslim society, it is illegal. Arguments for Abortion (Example US and UK) The US Supreme Court allowed abortion in 1973 on the bases that a woman has a right to self-determination. It is upon the discretion of the mother to decide whether to carry out an abortion or not. The American culture respects the rights of individuals as rational beings that are able to make rational decisions. For example, it is not considered to an abomination for a woman to terminate an unwanted pregnancy that hampers her productivity in the society (Austin 12). The Abortion Act of 1967 legalized abortion in the UK. It stated that if the abortion is recommended by a medical practitioner in good faith, then it is legal. Although amendments have been made to specify the gestation ceiling at which abortion can be procured, greater reference is made to the law developed in 1967. The UK culture has mixed opinions regarding abortion. However, pro-abortion has an upper hand and some abortion clinics even advertise on television and print media. Most of the familie s in the UK and the US are okay with abortion, and it is mostly left for the woman to decide whether to complete or terminate the pregnancy (Berglund 6). Arguments against Abortion (Example Iran) From a moral stand point, abortion is an unacceptable practice since it terminates the life of a fetus thereby denying it the right to live, considering that if allowed to grow it will develop in to a human being just like the mother and father. It is a practice that should be illegal in Iran where it is currently restricted by the law. In 2005, a bill was passed to legalize abortion on the basis of fetal abnormalities or if it endangers the life of the mother. The mother’s consent with the approval of three registered physicians is enough to secure approval by a legal medicine center. However, the law requires the legal abortion to be procured before 19 weeks of gestation (Mohammad & Masoumeh 191). Kant’s Deontology Theory Kant’s deontology theory portrays good will as a significant component of people’s actions. According to this theory, the reason why people act in a particular manner substantiates whether an individual’s action has moral worth. He observes that there is a notable distinction between actions that are morally right and morally wrong. According to this theory, abortion that is procured through good will is morally right. For example, morally good actions include a situation whereby a qualified physician recommends an abortion to protect the life of the mother (Strawson 27). On the other hand, a mother who procures an abortion to enable her to undertake greater tasks in the workplace or to look better is in pursuit of personal interests at the expense of the

Technology entrepreneur Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Technology entrepreneur - Case Study Example Here, files were stored on the internet and could be accessed from any computer that had Dropbox and in the network. According to Houston, Dropbox took the best elements of subversion, trac and rsyn and made them just work. Unlike other file storage companies, Dropbox’s model was framed in a way that it was simple to use. Despite the calls for additional features that could alter the initial company plan, Houston, and fellow co-founder, maintains the simple image as a selling point. In their model, they championed for two platforms namely; the free platform and premium platform. In the open platform, he planned to offer 1-gigabyte storage space for any user and a charge for the additional storage. It is contrary to the premium account where individuals and medium-sized enterprises would subscribe to pay. Dropbox offers extra free storage to members that refer others to the program (Kotler and Deans 336) The Y Combinator was an incubation program where startups applied for consideration for training and mentorship. At the end of the three-month program, each startup would pitch to potential investors and had a possibility of getting much funding. For Dropbox founders, all went well and were admitted to the program. While in the program, they held two hypotheses; Targeting individuals and businessmen was most viable and secondly; targeting companies was difficult due to bureaucracies. Houston also believed that making Dropbox simple was the right recipe for success. By June of 2010, he confirmed that using individuals and businessmen as an entry-to-market strategy worked. Medium sized organizations could not allow an employee to use Dropbox to store files unless certified by the IT department. However, this was a challenge in that, to be approved, testing was necessary. Additionally, the need for extra features to meet client needs was

Operation management in context to Coca Cola Essay

Operation management in context to Coca Cola - Essay Example In order to achieve the purpose of the study; it was important to study the literature on Coca Cola and different case studies have been studied highlighting the operational issues of the organisation. There is no denying that the purpose of the study can only be achieved by having an idea over the organisation and the next part presents an overview of the organsiation that will help in understanding the operational and management framework of the organisation in a lucid manner. An Overview of the Organisation Coca Cola Company is an American multinational known for producing concentrate that is sold to licensed bottlers across the world. The company has a history of more than a century and is highly admired for a number of products produced and manufactured by it. The company offers more than 3500 beverages in more than 200 countries that speak about its reach and acceptance in different parts of the world. Coca Cola started its journey as a patented medicine and established itself as a carbonated drink manufacturer in the 20th century. It produces carbonated soft drinks, fruit juices, water sport drinks, energy drinks and other milk products as per the needs and requirements of customers. The company was growing at a rapid pace in the 20th century with little competition and high margin making it one of the highly profitable organisations. However, the franchise model based on offering license to bottlers has been criticized in the past along with raising too many operational issues. Moreover, the complexity of operational framework has increased in the due process making the control and management process management a bit tough and lengthy. Structure of the Report The structure of the report pertaining to the presentation of operational framework of Coca Cola... The intention of this study is Coca Cola Company as an American multinational known for producing concentrate that is sold to licensed bottlers across the world. The company has a history of more than a century and is highly admired for a number of products produced and manufactured by it. The company offers more than 3500 beverages in more than 200 countries that speak about its reach and acceptance in different parts of the world. Coca Cola started its journey as a patented medicine and established itself as a carbonated drink manufacturer in the 20th century. It produces carbonated soft drinks, fruit juices, water sport drinks, energy drinks and other milk products as per the needs and requirements of customers. The company was growing at a rapid pace in the 20th century with little competition and high margin making it one of the highly profitable organisations. However, the franchise model based on offering license to bottlers has been criticized in the past along with raising t oo many operational issues. Moreover, the complexity of operational framework has increased in the due process making the control and management process management a bit tough and lengthy. Through the agreement, the company has full rights to ensure that their products are being produced in the right manner along with being distributed in an efficient and effective manner. The agreement also allows the company to exercise power and control to an extent. In spite of controlling the whole act of manufacturing and distribution; one thing that was out of the control was the quality of soft drinks and other products.

Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism on Shanghai Research Paper

Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism on Shanghai - Research Paper Example Shanghai is the most industrialized metropolis in China and is counted as one of the major metropolitan cities of the world. Shanghai has more than 5,800 square kilometers. Most tourists visiting Shanghai are usually advised to travel with maps in order not to get lost. The metropolis is not only identified as a financial, economic, and trade center, but is also admired for its cultural as well as historical heritage. The capital city, Beijing, is approximately 1460 km away from Shanghai. Most tourists in China, who wish to visit Shanghai, usually take the two hour flight from the capital to Shanghai, or take a 17 hour train journey that allows them to enjoy the scenery. Shanghai tourist attractions are easy to get to from its main center. Some of these include the Yuyuan Gardens, the Bund, which is the embodiment of Shanghai's history in prominent architectural structures, the lake Dianshan Hu, and the Four Cornered Pagoda, which is locally referred to as the Fang Ta. Shanghai, which is China's business and financial headquarters, has in the recent past benefitted from a double-digit growth. The city got over 80 million foreign and domestic tourists in 2001, alone. No town in China has fully embraced modernity and technology in the same way as Shanghai has. When in Shanghai, a tourist may get the illusion that he or she is in Europe or America and not Communist China. Shanghai radiates a cosmopolitan quality that is characterized by the contemporary lifestyles of its citizens, busy industrial and financial districts, skyscrapers, one of the busiest harbors in the area and ultra-chic business centers like museums, hotels, and shopping malls. While Be ijing is recognized as the center of the political government of China, which sponsors the Chinese academic institutions, Shanghai is known worldwide as China’s economic center and an incredibly enterprising city. Once a tiny and sleepy fishing rural community in the 1800s, Shanghai has been turned into a most enchanting, decadent and refined Chinese city. According to (Moscardo 3), â€Å"Shanghai has been dubbed as the "Paris of the East." International tourism takes place when citizens from different nations travel across intercontinental borders outside their normal homes as well as places of work, and stay for more than 24 hours in their places of visitation. The motivations for such trips are diverse, but usually recognized as being largely influenced by health, recreation, friendship and family visits, education, business, sports, and religion. As one of the most significant sources of foreign exchange revenue, and an investment catalyst, knowledge disseminator, and em ployment generator, international tourism has grown to be one of Shanghai’s most significant industries. Tourism has developed swiftly in Shanghai. At present, China is investing a lot of capital in promoting tourism and revising laws that govern its tourist industry. In the coming years, China expects to experience even more growth in this area, with the lion share of this development taking place in Shanghai. China’s tourism industry was somewhat affected by SARS scare but recovered swiftly. China is projected to be the world’s most fashionable tourist destination in the next decade. According to (Pike and Ryan 333), â€Å"tourism in Shanghai is a colossal labor intensive business that

An analyzed look into current botnet controls Thesis Proposal

An analyzed look into current botnet controls - Thesis Proposal Example Practically speaking one botnet could be made up of ten thousand machines.It is quite difficult to identify since they are vigorous in nature. This is in order to escape the security measures put in place. This is done through the download ofsoftware called a â€Å"bot† for example AgoBot. The download comes along with afixed payload incurred by an un-suspecting user. This download is executed through the clicking of email attachments that have been infected ordownloading infected files from malicious websites. The bot software can also be transmitted as freeway in peer to peer networks. After the installation of the bot with the fixed payload in the computer, the machine makes contact with a public server set up by the botmaster. This server is the control panel that is used to give commands to the botnet. A popular procedure involves using public (IRC) Internet Relay Chat servers. The control panels are frequently changed to avoid being detected. They are managed by machines and proxies that are not owned by the botmaster. The botmaster uses the control panel to send new exploit-code to the bots or to modify the bot-code so as to avoid detection through signature methods. This code is also used to insert new commands and attack victims (Patrick Lee, 2009). The botmaster’s main objective is to enlist new nodes into the botnet. A node is any computer that is connected to the internet hence making it a target for attack. Each node is commanded to search for other potential hosts. This pattern follows for every other machine that is recruited into the botnet. Therefore the machines that were in the botnet before and the new continuously carry out the search. Within a few hours, a botnet can become very large with a composition of millions of PCs on different network throughout the world. Given the large number of zombies distributed

Aggression and violent behaviour Essay Example for Free

Aggression and violent behaviour Essay The media of video and computer games is a phenomenon, which has developed rapidly since its first incarnations of simple graphical games, to todays 3D rendered worlds which players are able to inhabit and explore as they wish. The gaming culture which has followed plays an integral part in contemporary society not just for the youth market but also for many adults, as a gateway to escape their everyday lives and express themselves within a gaming environment. This is the new media format much like television and radio with their introduction into the mainstream, the need to study and explore the implications has attracted scholars, and businesss to explore this new media, attempting to understand its effects on contemporary society. The amount of money and time spent by consumers on these game platforms and software has pushed them to the front of the entertainment market place, with several multinational companies vying for market dominance within this expanding industry (Calvert 2002). The research into violent video games and post play aggression is one of the key study points for this media source. The idea of played aggression transferring into real world situations generates a moral panic within society, and so researches are keen to discover any links with play and real life aggression or to dispel the fears of the public which have been scare mongered by the mass media. Moral panics such as video nasties are similar to the notion of game panics, both are especially aimed at young children for whom society deems to be susceptible and vulnerable to impressions from the mass media, and in this essays case their exposure to violent video games. The key to the difference with the notion of game panics is the interactivity between the player and the game mechanics, the player is able to decide what happens within the game as long as its within the game boundaries, for violent games this includes the abundance of killing computer generated characters, and this is the concern of the parents and oppositions to the graphic games available. Recent events such as the school shootings in Columbine, America have led to increased magnification on the topic and therefore more studies are being conducted trying to theorise a link between play and post play. The main research within the gaming context on violence and aggression is aimed towards the effects playing these games has on children. Jeanne B Funks writing on children and violent video games highlights these concerns. She explores the notion that children are high risk players, and after playing the video games they become desensitised to violence, and deviant behaviour within the society that they belong. Funk doesnt place a total blame on the games however as she draws on research into pre existing problems within the Childs personality developed within the environment and social surrounding which the child has grown up in, stating that playing these games could lead to the increased development of these problems. Dave Grossman, a US military trainer on the realities of war has a much different perspective to the debate on video games and aggression. He states that the continued playing of the game conditions and trains the youthful player into a killing machine, perfectly honed to kill on sight without a thought for the consequences. He develops the argument of Acquired Violence Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AVIDS), liking the disorder to the virus Aids. The disease doesnt kill you but simple destroys your immune system (Grossman). Arguing that the use of violent video games simple desensitises players, trains them to kill (stimulus response) with no thought for the repercussions of their actions. These two studies outline two different ideas on the argument of video games and aggression, but neither conducted first hand testing of the hypothesis of post play aggression. A frequently cited paper that presents evidence supporting the claim that violence in video games leads to violence in real life is: Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviour in the Laboratory and in Life by Craig A. Anderson, Karen E. Dill. The research draws up the hypothesis of General Affective Aggression Model (GAAM). The model included both existing research on human learning and expression and research into media violence effects. The study consisted of two separate tests, a real life test and a laboratory-based test on game players to analyse a link between game play and post play behaviour. Goldstein disputes the merits of laboratory tests on the basis that they are floored due to the subject not playing the game but merely doing as they are told, so the same feelings, and experiences are different to those when the subject is truly playing the game in the comfort of their own home, with individual aims to achieve. The findings of the Anderson and Dill study supported the GAAM model in that post play aggression was evident. This is one of the few studies which have been conducted with any credibility on the topic of game panics, yet the topic is still wide open due to the lack of empirical research for which solid conclusions on the links between play and post play can be drawn. Freedman states that the lack of experimental research is fundamental in not being able to draw a clear link. He states that the demand factor, where the subject believes he has to react in a certain way and the ability to measure post play aggression are two factors which have thus far underlined the research in to video games and violent behaviour. These problems could be rectified by the increased proportion of studies, of by the drawing up of a new study method designed specifically for the examination of video games and not one which has been used to monitor other forms of media and post exposure behaviour. The existing research available on the topic of post play aggression is extremely limited with few pieces able to be seen as complete and giving a total answer to the questions answered. The idea that competitiveness within a game is equally to blame, as violent content needs to be explored as the arousal experienced from winning or losing a competition such as a sports simulation can increase the adrenaline within the body causing an outburst of violence (Fienberg 2002). Similarly the link needs to be addressed that not everyone who plays violent games will go out and kill people and so the link between characteristics innate to the individual are to blame for more severe violent acts and the video games at the moment are being lined up as scapegoats for individuals actions and more research needs to be conducted on the subject. Bibliography 1. Anderson, D.A. Dill, K . E. (2000) Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviour in the laboratory and in life [online]. Washington: APA Journals. Available from http://www. apa. org/journals/psp/psp784772. html [Accessed 20/10/03]. 2. Funk, J. B. (2001) Children and violent video games: Are there high-risk players? [Online]. Chicago: Playing by the rules conference. Available from  http://culturalpolicy.uchicago.edu/

Marries Is Better Than Being Single Essay Example for Free

Marries Is Better Than Being Single Essay There are lots of discussion and arguments about to being single or getting married nowadays. The new generation might not willing to bound into marriage life and they wish to remain in single life so they can have more privacy, freedom and the commitment of   responsibilities. However, marriage is union ordained by God and it is also a wonderful union of two people in love. It is unique, opposite-sex union with legal, social, economic and spiritual dimensions. Getting married does bring a lot of advantages to a person either family. The biggest advantage for getting married is emotional stability. Married people treat their own family as shelter and they can feel secure and relax when staying together with their family. Family provides a peace and comfort zone for those married people to restore their energy. Marriage can helps the couple to become more tolerant, unselfish, caring and more responsible. Its provide a chances for the husband and wife to grow with and sharing their life’s challenges, rewards and sorrows with a person who actually knows and understand what you going through and feels the same frequency. There are a lots of difficulties have to learn by marriage people as that is not easiest to living with someone for the rest of their life. They have to overcome all the problems facing by them and to learn how to take care of others feeling, patience, emotion control, temper, time management and attitude towards their family. In a marriage life, there are always someone’s to hear your companions. It is good to have someone there to have a share, to bounce ideas or to have a witty exchange of remarks. Companionship among the married peoples also offers support and can be particularly important at times of trouble or stress. At such times, married people have distinct advantages over being single. The other advantage for marriage is that allows couples to pool their both incomes to share the cost of living and debts, save more money for retirement and doing investment. The married people can also sharing a house, car and food so they can enjoy save cost for basic living conditions compare with a single person. Therefore, people who are married become less poverty but more wealth and their money goes further. It is because, they tend to specialize, exchange, and share roles and functions in ways to generate higher earnings, encourage savings, helping each other’s to restrain from impulse spending, and generally leave the family financially better off. Marriage can also leads to better health and greater longevity for people. There are more likely to enjoy better physical health. The spouses are intimately aware of and impacted by their spouse’s choices. In a sense, couples have a significant vested interest in watching out for one another and encouraging healthy choices and behaviour. For example, the wife might not allow her husband drinking, smoking or other unnecessary risk-taking and also control his weights. Compared to single, divorced or widowed people, the married people experience less depression, anxiety, and other types of psychological distress. Besides, the married people will have active, satisfying and safety sex lives compared with single people. The married people tend to have more sex because it costs them less in time, money and psychic energy. They have find it more satisfying because their sex partner is more available, less distracted, more eager and more secure and able to please. The higher levels of satisfaction for married couples is related to the fact that marriage adds meaning to the sexual act because it symbolizes a union that is based on sexual fidelity, stronger commitment and emotional intimacy. It had increased their commitment and their sense of responsibility, and had generally strengthened their relationships. In addition, the married life can brings greater safety towards the married people and expand their social network. It’s because, the married people have companion to visit places together, visit friends or holiday together. For the single person, that is far more difficult as often modern social life is geared around couples and the single person can often feel left out or sometimes, simply not invited. At times, perhaps, having children might seem to impede their social life but it just brings a change in your social life and much of that social life involves being with your children. Lastly, married people will create a family with a new and challenging life instead of boring life compared with single people. Families are created and held together by the lifelong commitment of a man and a woman who live cooperatively and raise and nurture the children born to them. Families are the building block essential to the formation of a community, and strong social structure arises from the foundation many families provide. A thriving society and culture depend on stable marriages. For example, as marriage declines in a culture,  the state must spend more money and care for children who less of the financial stability with divorce family background. Strong marriages statuses are at the heart of thriving family and community. In conclusion, getting married is better than being single as there married leads to emotional stability, financial stability, train the couples become more independent and responsible, better health and greater longevity, have wonderful sexual life, easy to expand social networks and have a new challenging life instead of boring life compared to single people. Getting married is not an easy but it does bring a lot of meaningful to individuals, family and the community.

Credit Cards Versus Cash

Credit Cards Versus Cash This paper talks about consumers preference in purchasing products by cash or by credit cards. Credit cards have become important in consumers lives and have changed the way they perceive products. During the past few years various things have occurred which has made the world change drastically. Technology is being developed each day by producing different products which are making peoples lives much easier. So has the idea of purchasing products by credit cards. The 2000s was the moment where credit cards became popular and important to consumers (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). Credit cards have become an alternative way to pay from the simplest products to the most important ones. The need to put all the payments in one simple card has been a huge benefit for consumers. This was proved when in 2010 cash fell behind debit cards, making debit cards consumers favorite way of paying for products for the first time in history (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). Credit cards have become extremely important to consumers and the differences between paying with cash or with credit cards have been experimented by many people who have given real evidence to these two ways of purchasing products. Since 1970s there have been facts which people have supported that credit cards increase spending (Prelec Simester, 2000). As a payment mechanism the use of credit cards increases the tendency to spend more on products than cash does (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). When credit cards are more available consumers think mostly about the products benefits than the cost of the products. Conversely, when cash as a payment is more available consumers place more importance on the cost of the product than on the benefit of it (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). Many examples have given real evidence to the theory that people who use credit cards spend more. Examples such as restaurants earn more tips when consumers pay with cards, some consumers forget the amount of money they spend on various products, and they tend to buy more in every department store, are facts related to the evidence that people really do spend more when using credit cards (Prelec Simester, 2000). High calorie foods, mostly junk food are becoming more expensive everyday and this is not just because of the economic way to motivate consumers choice but also a psychological motivation that makes consumers choose high calorie foods with pleasure (Bagchi Block, 2011). So when the cost of a product is higher, such as paying with cash, if we increase the benefits of that product there will be less pain of the payment (Bagchi Block, 2011). There is a variation in the countries worldwide who are cardholders particularly differing from those countries that are more developed than the less developed countries (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). Income is an influence on credit card holding to those countries that are more developed such as the south east and some places in the north west since these places have the biggest credit cards per adult (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). Credit cards are mostly used in purchasing food where the percentage of spending with cards in this area has grown in the past three years to 36% (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). In the UK cards have had a huge influence in charity because by using credit cards humanity is growing even more within people (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). An example of this is some cards that are named with a charitys name; these companies make donation whenever the consumer uses his/her card or even when they open an account for the first time (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). Another way of people being voluntarily helpful for charity is online giving where the charitable money are increasing year by year (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). Nowadays consumers are using credit cards instead of cash in every purchase they are making. Their preference is mostly on credit and debit cards rather than cash or checks (Consumers prefer plastic to paper payment, 2004). In 2003 cards were used for 53 percent of purchases, while cash or checks were used for 47 percent (Consumers prefer plastic to paper payment, 2004). Companies dealing with credit cards are enhancing their usage by marketing new cards that perform like cash and dont acquire interest charges like credit cards do (Consumers prefer plastic to paper payment, 2004). Furthermore, companies are trying to make different industries offer their consumers the choice of paying with credit cards (Consumers prefer plastic to paper payment, 2004). Prior researches have figured out that when consumers make a decision about a product, credit cards encourage them to spend more than cash does. However, they have not yet discovered whether cash is an influence towards the choices of products (Bagchi Block, 2011). So the studies provide evidence that people consume more calories and impute higher costs when purchasing with cash rather than a credit card (Bagchi Block, 2011). Nevertheless, when consumers are grocery shopping they tend to purchase more food when using credit cards since the greater the prices of food, the greater the indulgent of the preferred food (Bagchi Block, 2011). The way consumers experience the payment of products strengthens the different ways they pay- cards or cash (Bagchi Block, 2011). As a result, consumers think of cash real money and spending cash is more important. The more real the loss of money such as cash payment, the greater is the pain of giving the money for a product. On the contrary, credit cards are more looked as less hurtful and are spent more easily because you dont see the money; sometimes they may even be treated as play money (Bagchi Block, 2011). Thus, imputed cost are greater when using cash because the great er the imputed cost of spending, the greater is the chance to choose high calorie food (Bagchi Block, 2011). The advantages of using credit cards is the ability of paying for a great period meaning that you can purchase as much as you want and pay later with no interest charge (Cohn, 2010). This lets your money stay in the bank and earn interest as well as making you more flexible with cash flow (Cohn, 2010). Credit cards also have reward programs which consumers are benefiting. For example, a financial planner Frank Remund used his visa signature card to purchase a product. While calculating what he had earned and what he had saved using discount coupons he stated that he paid only $380 for the product which is actually sold for $800 (Cohn, 2010). Moreover, by using his card he managed to increase his warranty period (Cohn, 2010). The other huge advantage of using credit cards is the security that they hold. By carrying big cash with you, there is more possibility for the money to be stolen from you. However, if your credit card is stolen your liability is restricted at $50 and if you have been a loyal customer to the bank, they will credit your account in no longer than a few days (Cohn, 2010). Moreover, if the product you purchased happened to have a problem or you simply arent satisfied with its quality, then if you have purchased it with your credit card there is more likelihood for you to return it than there would be if you had bought it by cash (Cohn, 2010). Nevertheless, except for the many advantages credit cards have there are also some disadvantages when using credit cards. One of the disadvantages of credit cards are high interest charges (Compare Credit Cards). Credit card companies usually charge high interest fees like 20% for the purchases that havent been paid in months (Compare Credit Cards). Another huge disadvantage for credit cards is the temptation to overspend. Many people have difficulties in managing their money so when they pay with credit cards they tend to overspend without thinking further. Because credit cards allow you to spend money and not pay them upfront, people get too excited and think just for that moment; so they tend to forget about paying them later on (Compare Credit Cards). Furthermore, it is more difficult to remember what you have purchased when buying with credit cards. So, if you have taken too long to pay for the purchase you might be surprised when the bank informs you for the amount of payment y ou have to make (Compare Credit Cards). Three experiments show consumers behavior towards credit cards and cash. Consumers primed with credit card as a payment mechanism make more recall errors with respect to cost-related aspects of the product than to bene ¬Ã‚ t aspects (study 1), identify more words related to bene ¬Ã‚ ts (study 2), and respond faster to bene ¬Ã‚ t-related words (study 3) than consumers primed with cash concepts (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). In the fourth experiment, we look thoroughly through the outcome of the payment prime to the choices of the products (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). Consumers using credit cards have more possibilities in looking at the products with greater benefits, whereas consumers using cash mostly choose the options that are ruled by cost even if there is less benefit of that particular product (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). Considering these four experiments, consumers distinguish the same products in different ways when choosing to use credit cards rather than cash (Chatterjee Ro se, 2011). Furthermore, credit cards increase the awareness of the benefits of products in that way persuading the reservation price and product valuation and also making consumers choose the options of products more attractively (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). For consumers, products have a different meaning when they are bought with credit cards and when they are bought with cash. Thus, the credit card premium is not due solely to differences in decoupling from pain of payment (i.e., reduced salience of costs) or to physical form, but in addition, the salience of product bene ¬Ã‚ ts is enhanced when thinking of paying with credit (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). If consumers goal is saving money, then the cost of the product becomes more important than the benefit the product carries. However, if the consumers goal is to purchase a product with high quality that is beneficial for the consumer, then the cost of the product will be less important thus becoming more psychologically relevant (C hatterjee Rose, 2011). In order to prove that people use more calories and impute higher costs when buying with cash relatively to credit cards, a study in a frozen yogurt retail store was experimented (Bagchi Block, 2011). 125 customers were recruited in a substitute of $1 discount of their next purchase and only the ones who bought a product for themselves were allowed to be a part of the survey (Bagchi Block, 2011). After customers ordered and purchased their products, the nutritional value of the products purchased by the customers were calculated and used as an evaluation of indulgence (Bagchi Block, 2011). In this study the customers were asked to tell about the price they paid for the products purchased, whether they thought it was expensive or not, and the method of payment (Bagchi Block, 2011). The results of the study showed how consumers that paid with cash did not pay more than those that paid with cards. However, consumers though that the imputed cost was much higher when buying with cash than credit card since their products seemed more expensive to them (Bagchi Block, 2011). This study explained how buying with cash feels more expensive and more hurtful than buying with credit card (Bagchi Block, 2011). Moreover, the costumers knew the method of payment before they purchased the products so this shows that customers were aware of the method they will use to pay for the products (Bagchi Block, 2011). Therefore, it is doubtful to state that the choice made for the food purchased had an affect on the method used for paying the product. After the study made with the yogurt retail, another study was conducted on a cafà © study for credit versus cash. In this study 147 students were taken and asked to tell their last time they purchased a product for $10 or less; and to choose a product from the restaurant that cost $10 or less (Bagchi Block, 2011). Further, the students were asked whether it was difficult to decide n their purchase and this was used for the study as a result of imputed cost (Bagchi Block, 2011). The results showed that consumers who paid with cash chose more calorie food than those who paid with card. Moreover, evidence showed that paying by cash created more indulgence than paying by card (Bagchi Block, 2011). Both study one and study two showed that theorizing is predicated on differences in pain of payment, or imputed costs associated with cash versus credit, rather than on the method of payment per se (Bagchi Block, 2011). There are other studies that show the willingness of consumers to purchase more products when using credit cards. In these studies two ways are mentioned in knowing whether the effect is relevant; only when the price of the product is uncertain or when the prices are known (Prelec Simester, 2000). The first study had to do with prices being uncertain. The experiment had to do with tickets for a sporting event where one ticket was for the game between Boston Celtics and Miami heat, whereas the other ticket was for the Red Sox and the Toronto Blue Jays (Prelec Simester, 2000). The people experimented were the MBA students. They were asked to enter a room and fill in their own sheet about the reservation values and then they would have the opportunity to win the tickets. Further on, the one that wrote the highest value would get the prize however the prize would be sold at a price identical to the second highest value (Prelec Simester, 2000). After that, two sheets were handed- cash condition sheet and credit card condition sheet (Prelec Simester, 2000). In the first sheet, it was required for the winners to make the payment with cash whereas in the second sheet the winners were asked to make the payments by credit cards. In the first sheet they were also asked whether they had access to cash machine and in the second sheet they were asked to tell the type of card they used and some information about the card (Prelec Simester, 2000). The result of this experiment showed that those who were asked to make the payment by credit card wrote down much higher values for the three tickets and the highest amount of money was for the Celtics tickets, whereas for the banners it was the smallest (Prelec Simester, 2000). In the second experiment, the prices are certain. This allows us to evaluate whether the credit card premium arises because customers adjust their valuations from different anchoring points in the cash and credit card conditions (Prelec Simester, 2000). For example, in the cash condition consumers might focus more on the amount of money they carry in their pockets. Whereas, in the credit card condition they focus on their credit limit or even their monthly bill (Prelec Simester, 2000). In the second study students of MBA were respondents and this time they had a chance to win a dinner certificate costing $175 (Prelec Simester, 2000). The steps for this price were to draw numbers randomly from zero to the price of the certificate and then choose a student randomly. Students were divided into groups depending on who will pay with cash and who with credit card (Prelec Simester, 2000). In this study the result was that there was no huge difference between credit card and cash conditions (Prelec Simester, 2000). Moreover, payment had a huge effect but only with those students who completed the credit card digits (Prelec Simester, 2000). Students who stated that they will pay with credit cards wrote down values 36% more than those who didnt (Prelec Simester, 2000). Therefore, the main effects of payment method and identification method were not significant (Prelec Simester, 2000). The information about the market price varied from the first study and the second one. This difference was taken for a reason to see whether credit card premium arose because consumers regulate their estimation of cash and cards in different circumstances (Prelec Simester, 2000). These two studies offer an idea as to the reason of the effect. They reveal the idea that consumers are more willing to pay with credit cards than they are with cash (Prelec Simester, 2000). The studies illustrate how credit cards make peoples decision much easier when purchasing a product. When people purchase with cash they find it difficult to buy expensive products since they can see their cash. However, with credit cards you dont get to see your cash, you just see a plastic card that sometimes makes you forget how much money you are spending. Moreover, through the studies we understood how consumers perceive products differently when purchasing with cash or with credit card. Those that purchase with cash are more likely to give more importance to the cost of the product than to the benefit and quality of the product. In contrary, those that pay with cards tend to give more importance to the benefits the product gives them than the cost of it (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). Further on, the willingness to pay grows when consumers pay with credit cards and this was shown in the two studies taken with the game tickets and the prize of certificate (Prelec Simester, 2000). How much consumers consume food with high calories was also examined with the methods of payment- credit and cash. Studies showed that those who purchase with cash consume more calorie food whereas those who purchase with credit cards consume less calorie food (Bagchi Block, 2011). When imputed costs are high, consumers indulge more. These imputed costs vary with the payment mode and also with how difficult it is to earn money. Thus, spending with cash (vs. credit) and spending cash that is more difficult to earn (rather than less difficult) result in more indulgent, high calorie food consumption (Bagchi Block, 2011). In the near future, technology will find its way in replacing credit cards by mobile phones since they will be the factor that will replace peoples wallets (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). So, people will not have to carry their credit cards anymore since their mobile phones will have the ability to make a purchase either through credit or debit (A Decade of C ards, 2000-2010 and beyond). The research of credit cards versus cash help people understand the advantages and disadvantages each one has. Moreover, they explain how and why consumers behavior towards these two methods of purchasing changes when purchasing particular products. Further research should be conducted in order to see which one is better and safer to use. Research such as planning different surveys for consumers to answer their choice of the method of buying would be helpful in understanding consumers choice as well as reasons towards their decision. Furthermore, in order to research this further we should gather all the studies conducted and relate them with one another. In this way we will be able to understand more precisely the usage of credit cards versus cash by consumers. One last reason to research this further would be the development of technology. Since technology is changing rapidly, it will change the usage of cardholding. Therefore, research on future technology and how it will have an impact in the market area will be needed to be made. This way we get knowledge as to how things will change and whether it will be a positive or a negative thing for consumers to make purchasing decisions through their mobile phones.

Why Americas Capitalist System Is Failing Essay -- Capitalism Failure

Why America's Capitalist System Is Failing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The American capitalist system works in a way that enables a small percentage of the population to live in utmost comfort with a large percentage of the country’s money and power. The majority of them get to this position through affiliation, and the lesser of them contrastingly through many years of hard work and struggle through a system that forces assimilation prior to incorporation. The majority of the population either lingers in the middle-class working for big businesses, whose ethical role in society they have no say in, or own a business that puts the responsibility of the lives of several shareholders in their hands. The remainder of society lives off of these people; cleaning, cooking, or serving for them. The only difference between this economic system and the old caste system in India is that the Americans can move between castes only by denying their moral beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Take, for example, the current president George Bush; his business skills did not permit his original business endeavors to succeed. He was actually a drunken party-boy, until the expectations to live up to his family name pressed him to seek success. Despite his disqualifications, the Bush name enabled him to overcome his bad investments and eventually receive a well-paying office job that required little of him. In contrast to a man that came from a less-renowned family, this young man’s lack of characteristics that generally evoke succe...

Adverse Effects of the Atkins Diet Essay -- Exploratory Essays Resear

Adverse Effects of the Atkins Diet The Atkins diet prescribes a menu consisting of high-fat, high-protein foods that theoretically stimulate weight loss. However, excessive consumption of such foods is associated not only with weight loss, but also with several serious health problems. For example, heart disease and atherosclerosis have been linked to foods with high fat content. Further, replacing the carbohydrate component of one's diet with fat and protein stimulates a fat burning process called ketosis, which may adversely impact kidney and liver function; for some dieters, ketosis may result in dehydration and related symptoms, including muscle cramping and fatigue. Based upon the possible side effects of a high-fat, high-protein diet, it is reasonable to assert that the Atkins diet does not promote healthy food choices. Consequently, one's health might be affected adversely by the Atkins plan. As mentioned, heart disease and atherosclerosis are associated with the excessive consumption of high-fat foods encouraged under the Atkins program. More specifically, the Atkins diet places few restrictions on the quantity of fat consumed. One problem with this relatively unregulated intake of high-fat foods (e.g., butter) is that such foods, especially in large portions, have been linked to serious heart and vascular problems. For example, a recent study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that children who consumed large amounts of very high-fat foods (foods averaging 90% fat content) demonstrated significant increases in bad LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and a corresponding decrease in good HDL cholesterol1,2. Triglycerides are derived from glycerol, the chief component of fa... ...tkinsuooh.htm> 3 Webster's New World Dictionary and Thesaurus. 1996. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc. 4 Journal of Ultasound Medicine . 5 Borgia M.C. and Medici F. "Perspectives in the Treatment of Dyslipidemias in the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease" 6 Fogoros, M.D. et. al. 7 "Muscle Cramps/Twitching." . 8 "Sports Med Tips." . 9 "Ketones Definition." . 10 Bailey, Kathryn. "The Atkins' Diet: Friend or Foe?" . 11 Bailey, Kathryn. et.al. 12 HyperDictionary. .

Pearl S. Buck - A Modern Day Hero Essay -- essays research papers

Pearl S. Buck - A Modern Day Hero Introduction A friend of mine gave me a copy of The Good Earth as a birthday gift. Until then, I had never heard of the literary masterpiece or the author, Pearl S. Buck. The story captivated me. I found myself engrossed in the story of the poor farmer Wang Lung whose love for his land allowed him to overcome many odds including famine, flood and a revolution. Through hard work and dedication, Wang Lung became one of the wealthiest landowners in the Anweih province of China. Sadly, Wang Lung’s two sons did not share his passion for â€Å"the good earth† and cared only for their bequest. Wang Lung was still on his death bed when the two sons decided that as soon as their father died, they would sell the land and split their inheritance (Buck, P.S., 1931). The Good Earth instantly became one of my favorite books and Pearl S. Buck, one of my favorite authors. Peter Conn wrote the introduction of the book in the form of a short biography of the author. I usually do not read the introductions until after I read the story because I never want other people’s review to influence my own opinion of the book. So, I saved the introductory pages for last. It wasn’t until I read of Pearl S. Buck’s memoirs that I began to truly admire her, not only for her writing but for her humanitarian and altruistic contributions. Who is Pearl S. Buck? Pearl Sydenstricker was born in Hillsboro, West Virginia in 1892. Her missionary parents, Absalom and Carrie Sydenstricker brought her to China when she was three months old. By the time she was four, she spoke and wrote Chinese as well as English (Conn, NDA). She was at first educated by her mother and tutored by a Chinese Confucian Scholar (Author’s Calendar, 2002). While her parents carried out their Christian mission all over the Chinkiang province of China, Pearl was left under the care of her â€Å"amah† or governess. It was her amah that fascinated her with Chinese folklores and mythical tales of ancient magic, fairies and dragons (Conn, NDA). Growing up, Pearl spent hours wandering the streets of Chinkiang observing how the people lived. She became familiar with their rituals, practices, and traditions. Her first hand experience with the Chinese culture led her to write many novels, including her most critically acclaimed book, The Good Earth. Her intimate knowledge of the Chinese culture was evident in ... ...ca Online: http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article?tocId=9017878 Buck, Pearl S. (1931), The Good Earth, NY: The John Day Company Conn, Peter (NDA), Pearl S. Buck (Introduction: The Good Earth), NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc. Doyle, Paul. A (2000), American National Biography Online: Buck, Pearl S., Retrieved on April 20, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-00214.html Frenz, Horz (1969). The Nobel Lectures, 1901-1967, Amsterdam: Elservier Publishing Company Merriam-Webster Online (NDA). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com on March 9, 2005 PSBI Website (NDA), Pearl S. Buck International Online, Retrieved on April 11, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://www.pearl-s-buck.org/psbi/ Mythology Themes (2000), Sparknotes Online: Themes in Mythology, Retrieved on April 20, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/mythology/themes.html Spencer, Stephen (2002), The Journal of American Popular Culture, Vol. 1, Issue 1: The Discourse of Whiteness: Chinese-American History, Pearl S. Buck and The Good Earth, Retrieved on April 11, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://www.americanpopularculture.com/journal/articles/spring_2002/spencer.htm

Child Abuse: The Hidden Tragedy

Child abuse is the physical or emotional abuse of a child by a parent, guardian, or other person. Reports of child abuse, including sexual abuse, beating, and murder, have jumped in the United States and some authorities believe that the number of cases is largely under reported. Child neglect is also included in legal definitions of child abuse to cover instances of malnutrition, desertion, and inadequate care of a child's safety. When reported, inadequate foster care services and a legal system that has trouble accommodating the suggestible nature of children, who are often developmentally unable to distinguish fact from make-believe, complicate child abuse cases During the years of 1985 and 1996, there was a 50 percent increase in reported cases of child abuse. In 1996, three million cases of child abuse are reported in the United States each year. Also that same year some twelve hundred children died from abuse across the country. Treatment of the abuser has had only limited success and child protection agencies are overwhelmed. Recently, efforts have begun to focus on the primary prevention of child abuse. Primary prevention of child abuse must be equipped on many levels before it can be successful. Prevention, on the social level is very important and could possibly save a life. According the American Humane Association prevention should include widening the financial self-sufficiency of families, discouraging corporal punishment and other ways of violence. Making health care more available and affordable, increasing and developing coordination of social services, evolving the identification and treatment of psychological problems, and alcohol and drug abuse, providing more affordable child care and preventing the birth of unwanted children. Prevention plans on the family level include helping parents meet their basic needs, identifying problems of substance abuse and spouse abuse, and educating parents about child behavior, discipline, safety and development. In the case of child abuse, primary prevention is defined as any intervention designed for the purpose of preventing child abuse before it occurs. In 1993, three million children in the United States were reported to have been abused. Thirty-five percent of these cases of child abuse were confirmed. Data from various reporting sources indicates that improved reporting could lead to a significant increase in the number of cases of child abuse verified by child protection agencies. The lack of verification does not indicate that abuse did not occur, only that it could not be verified. The facts are that each year 160,000 children suffer severe or life-threatening injury and 1,000 to 2,000 children die as a result of abuse. Of these deaths, 80 percent involve children younger than five years of age, and 40 percent involve children younger than one year of age. One out of every 20-murder victim is a child. Murder is the fourth leading cause of death in children from one to four years of age and the third leading cause of death in children from five to fourteen years of age. Deaths from abuse are under reported and some deaths classified as the result of accident and sudden infant death syndrome might be reclassified as the result of child abuse if comprehensive investigations were more routinely done. Most child abuse takes place in the home and is started by persons are know to and trusted by the child. Even though it has been widely publicized, abuse in day-care and foster-care setting accounts for only a small number of confirmed cases of child abuse. In 1996, only two percent of all confirmed cases of child abuse occurred in these settings. Child abuses if fifteen times more likely to occur in families where spousal abuse occurs. Children are three times more likely to be abused by their fathers than by their mothers. No differences have been found in the incidence of child abuse in rural versus urban areas. Following are the types of abuse and the percentages of the different types. Not only do children suffer from the physical and mental cruelty of child abuse; they endure many long-term consequences, including delays in reaching developmental milestones, refusal to attend school and separation anxiety disorders. Further; consequences include an increased likelihood of future narcotic abuse, combative behavior, high-risk health behaviors, illegal activity, personality disorders. Investigations have shown that a affectionate, loving, tender and caring enjoyable environments during the first three years of a child's life is significant for correct intellectual growth. There have been some recent changes in regards to the causes of child abuse. The results of investigation originated by the National Research Council's Panel on Research on Child Abuse and Neglect showed the first important step away from the simple cause and effect patterns. The panel established that the simple reason and effect patterns have certain limitations, mostly related to their narrow focus on the parents. They stated that in some families that there is cycles of abuse that is started and is carried over generations. These patterns are limited by asking only about the isolated set of personal characteristics that might cause parents to abuse their children. The panel attempted to examine the roots of child abuse, in order to find effective ways in preventing it. The panel developed an ecological model; this model considers the origin of all forms of child abuse to be a structured process This ecological model views child abuse within a system of danger and preventive factors correlating across four different levels: (1) the person, (2) the family, (3) the neighborhood and (4) the community. Certain factors are more closely linked with some forms of abuse than others are. Many people have argued that our society does not really value its children. This argument can be highlighted by the fact that one in four children in the United States lives in poverty and many children do not have any form of health insurance. The presence of high levels of violence in our society is also thought to contribute to child abuse. Poverty, is the most repeatedly and persistently noted risk factor for child abuse in the American society. Physical abuse and neglect are more prevalent amid the people who are the poorest. Whether or not the pressure of poverty-related conditions brings this on. Or as a result from greater observation by public agencies, resulting in over reporting is debated. Other conditions include unreachable and unaffordable health care, broken social services and lack of help from extended families and communities. Parents who were abused, as children are more likely than other parents to abuse their own children are. Lack of parenting skills, impractical expectations about a child's abilities, unawareness of ways to handle a child's behavior and of typical child development, will contribute to child abuse. It is believed that forty percent of established cases of child abuse are related to substance abuse. Other factors that increase the risk of child abuse include emotional immaturity of the parents. Which is often largely applied to age, as in the case of teenage parents. Without proper support with their child they might with struggle poor coping skills, which is often related to age but also occurring in older parents. Also they might have a poor self-esteem; also other psychological problems experienced by the young parents. A common factor is that single parenthood along with many burdens and hardships of parenting that must be handled alone, if there is no help of a partner. In many cultures social isolation of the teenage parents from family and friends that can result in the lack of support. The United States Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect has called for a universal system of early intervention. That would be grounded in the creation of caring communities that could contribute an effective base for facing the child abuse crisis. The panel stated that the successful tactics for preventing child abuse require intervention at all levels of society. The panel was unable to agree of the final plans concerning which programs or services should be offered to prevent child abuse. This is because research on the prevention of child abuse is limited by the complexity of the problem. A broad range of programs has been developed and implemented by public and private agencies at many levels, little evidence supports the effectiveness of these programs. Principal prevention strategies are based on the risk factors that have a low value Which are not as likely to be effective as more broadly based social programs. Also, programs focused on a society level rather than on the individual level prevent the stigmatization of a group or an individual. Society strategies for preventing child abuse that are proposed but unproven include increasing the value society places on children. Enlarging the economic self-sufficiency of families, enhancing communities and their resources, discouraging excessive use of corporal punishment and other forms of violence. Making health care more accessible and affordable. Increasing and improving treatment for alcohol and drug abuse. Developing the identification and treatment of mental health problems, increasing the availability of affordable child care and preventing the births of unwanted children through sex education, family planning, abortion, anonymous delivery and adoption. It is important to create opportunities for parents to feel entitled to act on their own behalf. Honor the wholeness of the family. Strengthen parents' ability to cultivate the faith in there development of their children and themselves. Create links with community support systems, a network of churches and other organizations. Provide a setting where parents and children can gather, interact, support, and learn from each other. Strengthen community awareness of the importance of healthy parenting practices. In the United States specific methods of delivering services to families include home visitations, early postpartum contact, intensive community leaders contact, parent training and free health care clinics. It is important that help be made possible to those parents that have been identified as people with drug problems. It is critical in treating parents who abuse alcohol or drugs. Also it is important to identify and counsel parents who suffer from spousal abuse. Identifying and dealing with parents with mental health problems is also important. Yet these might not always be the soul issues for abuse; other topics need attention include economic, job-related. Providing a sensitive ear also being a resource of referrals. That can help with these issues may take community leaders a giant step towards assisting a needy parent. Also other areas that can be addressed is the need for assistance in education about time management and budgeting skills, stress management, coping and parenting skills such as appropriate discipline. According to the American Humane Society: only home visitation has been found to be effective in reducing the incidence of child abuse. Home visitations are now being widely embraced the concept of home visitation as a method of preventing child abuse by identifying family needs and providing the appropriate services. Also home visitation has the benefits of improving parents' feelings toward their children and the interactions between parents and children. The success of home visitation depends of the support of health care, social services and childcare. Some of the reasons for child abuse center on the needs of the parents. To prevent child abuse, it is important to first help and support the parents. Parents who have multiple emotional, medical, financial and social needs find it difficult to meet the needs of their children. It is critical that community leaders develop an understanding attitude toward parents to help the children. Prevention of child abuse and negligence can be achieved using tactics pointed at helping parents protect and nurture their children. Community leaders could establish group-parenting classes to discuss issues such as: safety issues, nutrition and feeding concerns, discipline and normal child development. Classes should be divided into two groups: one for the parents of infants and one for the parents of toddlers, since these two groups will require a different focus. Providing childcare during these classes may be necessary to ensure attendance It is also important to try to give very specific and concrete suggestions to parents instead of talking in broad generalities. Community leaders could suggest that parents use an egg timer to help children anticipate and be more compliant with bedtime or use time-out as an alternative to spanking a child for bad behavior. Parents should be reminded of and taught to distinguish between childish behavior and willful disobedience. To discipline only those actions that are in the child's control according to the child age and development. In conclusion, many things need to happen at international, national, state and community levels to prevent child abuse. Studies have shown that countries with the most generous social services have the lowest rate of child homicide. People should lobby for greater availability of drug and alcohol treatment programs, more shelters for the homeless, more accessible mental health care and more shelters for abused women and children. These programs and those that provide parenting skills, support groups and respite care for parents and care givers should be available in every community. Child abuse is a complex problem with many causes, it is important that people not take a defeatist attitude toward its prevention. Despite the absence of strong evidence to guide preventive efforts, society can do things to try to prevent abuse. Showing increased concern for the parents or care givers and increasing attempts to enhance their skills as parents or care givers may help save the most vulnerable people, our children, from the nightmare of abuse and neglect.

Gamification of the Workplace Essay

The paper examines a rising tr wipeout in shitplace objective called gamification. Gamification is defined as using concepts derived from idiot box patchs and applying them in businesses to enhance motivation, rear productiveness and tear beat turn over. The beas of core discussed ar motivation, cooperation, productivity and employee happiness. The text aspects at which characteristics of television system games enlighten them so amiable and construes them into examples from the createplace. It presents real examples of companies that experience implemented similar techniques.Gamification in the oeuvre A New Way to conceptualize About swear outGeorgi IvanovAmeri bottom University in BulgariaThe workforce of to sidereal day is composed of young, adroit and creative peck, who despite their potential are less loyal and are eternally on the lookout for the job that offend suits their qualification. As managers continue to search for slip counselling to att ract, motivate and slide by them they contend themselves what makes this propagation different from the previous. One of the things that separate us from other generations of workforce, impression game addiction, has reach increasingly relevant in the come through and through decade. The college graduates that enter the labor market engage imparted them since kids and consider them a hobby. The previous(a) generations learn more or less them as because of the app shop which is a platform for easily kindly casual games. thither is much(prenominal) or lessthing in moving picture games that makes mass romance them and create them and that something has make the video game industry the quickest growing entertainment industry today. With millions of stack playing video games and investingmoney in their hobby, some(prenominal) companies implement video game concepts in an perspiration to make work more(prenominal) engaging, raise productivity and motivation and lowe r turnover.The process is known as gamification. To render why managers would look to video and calculator games of all things to alter the work vivification of their employees we induct to understand what makes a video game so appealing to the advance(a) employee and what part of that appeal is relevant to their productivity and satisfaction on their job. We know that some games open bigger audiences than prime snip television shows, which means that these pile favour to do something, to be involved, than just academic session there and taking it in. In his guard The back up of manoeuvre How to get laid Work As Much As get (1984) Charles Conrad leans on the fact that people bequeath often work harder or evening pay money to improve their performance outside of work. He outlines five principles that would carry-over part of this to the business environment and put employees relegate scorekeeping, understandably defined goals, patronise feedback, better scorek eeping and consistent coaching.When the parole was issued video games were non the object of the authors discussion, however the concepts are present in todays most universal video games. It is common discombobulate a score number in a corner of the screen showing how you are doing and every action you take changes that score. victorious this one whole tone further is a ladder system that shows your score in comparison to other peoples score. With the habituality of video games today it is evident that people are respond very surface to such a system. Through extension, if people are willing to devote so much duration and energy into upward(a) their game scores so they gutter come on the ladder and win nonphysical rewards, then, if they k impudently where they stood among their colleagues, they would be more motivated to do better. In her WSJ article Latest Game surmisal Mixing work and play (2011), Rachel Silverman gives a couple of examples of successful gamification of tasks. screw Ops Inc. runs a virtual call center. The club awards employees with virtual badges and points for keeping calls short and remainder gross revenue with leader boards that allow agents to equalise their achievements. According to the vice president, since the system was implemented call time was reduced by 15% in some employees and gross revenue have gone up by between 8% and 12%. I saw this in myself when I worked as a sales representative. When I conjugate the company it was evident who the backsheesh sales people were.Everybodys numbers were addressable every day for everyone to see. From the first day that I saw that I imagined my create on the firs position of the day end report on the cash tape screen just like I did on my computer screen trance playing a favorite game of mine. It helped. I was invariably eager to keep track of my sales and strive to improve and my boss nurtured that friendly competitive aura in which I thrived. This helped me in th e ascendent a lot because I did non feel intimidated by the more experienced members numbers. One of the most popular types of games today is the Massive Multiplayer Online Role-playing Game (MMORPG). The cast is basically putting millions of players from all over the institution in one world and to let them build in this world by developing their skills and handling challenges moreover or in aggroups of other players who have diverse skill organizes for different situations. There are player bes and guild bes.To climb up the ladder, players need to accomplish tasks or quests and apart from the regular points, they get badges, if they double-dyed(a) the quest non in an cost-efficient or creative manner. As you play your character increases in strength by gaining levels. Each level requires more effort to achieve than the previous and the conditions that have to be met to advance are set in stone and they never change. You know forwards of time what you need in pronou nce to progress. Every task youve made has an effect on the completion and your progress is clearly glaring. If we take this concept to the business world, wed have a clear employee ranking system and a company ranking system. Each employee will aim for the top places on the scoreboard, but keeping in mind that success is only doable with cooperation.This would motivate employees not only to do their best but in any case to be more accommodating to newcomers because they know that the better the people in your team/ surgical incision are doing, the better they would do. We do have a leveling system in the piece of work raises and promotions but the conditions are not always as clear. If employees do not know what the requirements are and they have no guarantees that they would reach that threshold why should they work harder? Vendor invoice transactions are a tedious task, but now, with the new reward system, employees nooky earn points and raise their status among other SAP t eams. At the end of the month, a dollar fare is awarded to a charity of the winning teams choice. This is all done through an upgraded version of their clerk software. It adds extrinsic respect to the work, makes employees contribute to a cause they mass relate to. We play games because they are fun. lay out is not the opposite of work as entrepreneur Steve Keil tells us in his vocabulary A Manifesto for play. It is also supported by Byron Reeves, a communication theory professor at Stanford University and author of the book Total Engagement (2009), who says that The idea that work is work and play is play and never shall the two meet is melting preferably a bit. Games are fun which makes them engaging and we want our employees to be meshed in their work. One of the ways we can do that is by taking down factors that restrain and choke the individual. Once our goals are clearly defined and a marker and reward system is set up as a frame, why do we need to keep restrictions in the workplace? Changes like making workday more flexible and eradicating fear by establishing an ambience of trust and cooperation instead of an authority.Like the millions of gamers somewhat the world we want our employees to feel safe(p) when they come to work because that is going to translate into better quality of work, customer supporter and engagement. In a MMO there is always a comfortable social net profit system. No matter what they are doing, a level 1 player can contact level 60 players and ask questions. There is a strong intellect of community and presence, because it is easy to form contacts. When there is a task that requires 5, 10 or 20 people, the task is divided into littler tasks and everyones progress in visible from start to finish. That accessibility and transparency is not always available in businesses but they would go a long way to improving communication. In his book, Byron Reeves takes this one step further saying that some people will soon do thei r jobs inside(a) a game.He draws a scenario where a woman would sit on her nursing home computer and log on to a virtual world, in which she is represented by an avatar which she herself customized with badges and clothing, earned as rewards for correct tasks. Then she would take a look at her teams progress by meeting their avatars. This is gamification in the ripe business. When implementing the strategies from above, however there are a couple of things to be mindful of. scratch of all, managers have to make sure that the aureole of friendly competition does not go out of hand. With regard to the companys mission statement, they have to recognize at what point employees stop working for the company and start working for themselves. The goals to reach thresholds have to be balanced.A task is engaging when it is challenging, yet accomplishable with the skill set that the employee possesses. Some business may not be well suited for gamification concepts. The entropy on emplo yees will make promotions and layoffs more fair and transparent but it may also undermine the importance of a manager. Certainly the concept of gamification is still young, the bet that companies show towards implementing them points to a new trend. In her article, Silverman quotes the tech industry research degenerate saying that by 1214, some 70% of large companies will use the techniques for at least one business process. What was until recent years though to be a massive waste of time now changes the way we think about our jobs.Works CitedRachel Silverman (October 10, 2011) Latest Game Theory Mixing Work and fit Retrieved from online.wsj.com Charles Coonradt (September 1, 1984) How to Enjoy Work As Much As Play Steve Keil (January 2011) A Manifesto of Play Retrieved from tedxbg.com Byron Reeves (November 2, 2009) Total engagement Using Games and virtual(prenominal) Worlds to Change the Way People Work and Businesses Compete

The Identification by Roger Mcgough Analysis

â€Å"The Identification † by Roger McGough Is a poem in which there is a Character for whom I feel sympathy. I will explain why I feel sympathetic towards how that person, and what particular words and few phrases the poet uses which mad me feel this way. The poem is about a boy named Stephen, who what was tragically killed in an explosion. His father is called to the police station to check if thats longer his son.Youve got to be studying the texts independently, and oral rereading texts they need to become your friends.† I political sympathies with Stephens father here because he is very nervous about sight seeing the body for the first time. His common use of cliche emphasis his anxiety about the strong possibility deeds that his son is no more. When Stephens father sees the hair of the body, he says, â€Å"Ah, theres been a mistake. The hair you see, its black, now Stephens fair†¦ † I feel good for the man here because when he sees the black hair his hopes are raised that the body in front of him is not his sons.The words dont always read left to right because were utilised to.

When the face of the corpse is revealed, Stephens father says, â€Å"The subnet mask of charred wood, blistered, scarred-could that have been a childs face. † I feel sympathetic towards Stephens father here as he was shocked to see the childs face.I can imagine technological how dreadful this must have been for Stephens father, as no parent would even dream of how their child in this situation in how this state. Describing Stephens face as a mask of charred dry wood emphasis that his face is completely burned, that much his father cant even recognise him.First came that expensive long trip to the jeweller.When Stephens dad saw the scoutbelt, he said, â€Å"The scoutbelt. Yes thats his. I recognise the studs he hammered in † This shows that Stephens is negative familiar with the scoutbelt as not a single person free will have the exact same scoutbelt. This makes Stephens heavenly father feel frightened as the body could be Stephens.Its consider also unique in that it doesnt full employ a chronological.

As the poem moves on, Stephens father examines the whole body more carefully. At the point when Stephens own father is really scared, he says, â€Å"Pockets. Empty the pockets. Handkerchief? Could be any elementary school boys.Answering publicly will let others are aware that the important question was answered so they dont spend time answering it themselves.Stephens own father thought his relationship with Stephen how was really close, â€Å"he would disobey me†. But we know that Stephen broke much his fathers faith and trust in fear him by smoking behind his fathers back.Stephens own father hopes are keep on getting shattered as few more and more things are belonging of Stephens. When Stephens father saw the penknife he said, â€Å"but thats his penknife.Meaning Paraphrase It how was be a moment.

Grant gave him just the other night. †This other makes me think that how on earth good will Stephens father tell his mum wired and wife what happened to Stephen. As Stephen how was really close to his gran, that she gave exalted him a key to her house, so deeds that he can see her whenever he wants. Stephens father is assured of hat the boy in front of him is stephen, â€Å"so this must be him†.The poetry flows the weather.In the last three lines, Stephens father says, â€Å"Yes thats it. Thats him. Thats our Stephen. † This makes me feel sympathy towards Stephens father as he accepts the fact that his son is no more.Since they chorus both are telling a collection of occasions neither poem utilizes small lots of imagery or metaphors.

With his approach, these poems are persuasive and are simple to digest.The person who makes the tea.Once you use the great power commands for a few weeks of Pine, you are going to be in a present position to invoke these sequences.To me this is quite a satisfying reaction.

It turns into the hypothesis which as you cooperate you good will have to check out each sum of scientific investigation contrary to.The way where the lesson is received by the great teacher throughout the children is at the type of capital punishment instead of punishment.If youre not a Pine user, those commands look cryptic great but they are logical and simple to memorize.The matter is if were late young our friendships must be begun by us.