For and against

This essay will also consider three broad areas in support of the statement mentioned such as validity, convenience and privacy and will explore arguments against the statement such as amusement, audience rating and riots. It is undoubtedly the case that media is a crucial approach for people to obtain the social information immediately. The validity of this information must include accuracy and practicability (Brigit, 2003). In other words, people secure the news useful and helpful for themselves. Because news is direct way to receive the data providing not only policy but also employment.In fact, most people tend to read the newspapers to gain the up-to-date news, when having a breakfast. If the news is unreliable or unavailable, nobody will trust it and news indeed lose its meaning. In addition, media brings us convenience in the routine, especially providing advertisement and entertainment. Contemporaries, people can Just stay at home and receive what they want, such as shopping and booking goods on the television. At the same time, people can receive the pleasure when watching some comedies and cartoon. Besides, paying more attention to expose the personal lives of famous people in the public is immoral.Walks(2013) states that everybody has the right to keep the privacy. To over concern their privacy is possible to make celebrities gloomy or stressful and this might lead to they get psychological disease. Although the favorable points of media reporting the relative news are apparent, its drawbacks can also be frustrating. Initially, famous people in magazine are the highlight when people read it. It is obvious that people in the developing rapidly society undertake numerous stresses come from live and work and they need relax.Therefore, amusement in media has become an essential factor when reading it in leisure time. Furthermore, if the news from media is totally about policy and employment, the readers must feel monotonous and annoyed and this probably leads to the audience rating is decreasing and affect the benefits of media. If media broadcasts the whole actual political issue on governments as negative, it is easy to cause mass rioting. People need the real and positive news to support contemporary government and to make a contribution to the society, but over-passive news will cause conflict and complaint to government.From what has been discussed above, the arguments in favor of media reporting the relative news are stronger than those against, on condition that appropriately putting some stories of famous people to increase the interests of reading or watching news. In conclusion, broadcasting relative news for media is necessary in order to deliver the news with reliability and practicability. This measure would not only bring convenience in routine life, but also protect celebrities' privacy.

Mice Of Men Chap 3 Analysis Essay

1) At first George tells the other, him and Lennie are cousins, this shows he is a bit ashamed of Lennie, and tries to find an excuse for looking after him. Later on when George and Slim are talking, George admits the reason how he became involved in Lennie and tells Slim a story about when he told Lennie to jump into the Sacramento River. Steinbeck describes this phrase as † George’s voice was taking on a tone of confession† Steinbeck was his readers to know that George regrets his actions and the fact that he has a â€Å"tone of confession† shows he isn’t proud that he has control over Lennie, instead he feels bad that he used his superiority in a destructive way. 2) When Lennie comes back into the room, Steinbeck describes the way he speaks as â€Å"breathlessly† when he says â€Å"He’s brown an’ white jus’ like I wanted†, Lennie image appears like a child, since just like a child Lennie is excited with the puppies. Slim is watching Lennie’s actions as he hides the puppy from George, which shows Slim Lennie’s lack of maturity. 3) Carlson is persistent in wanting to shoot Candy’s dog, on page 71 he says † ‘he don’t have fun’ Carlson persisted ‘and he stinks to beat hell'† This tells us that Carlson’s is manipulating Candy by making out the dog is really suffering and pretending to be compassionate when really he only wants the Dog shot because it stinks. Also since he thinks that the dog is better of dead unlike Candy is he realistic rather than sentimental and thinks it’s best for the dog that way. Then Slim agrees with George and says † that dog ain’t no good to himself† Slim also offers to give Candy one of the puppies, this shows Slim is caring for both the old dog and Candy and unlike Carlson isn’t wanting the dog to die because he stinks. 4) When Curley picks to fight with Lennie rather than George or anyone not as strong, tells us as readers a lot about Curley. Any other bully would be realistic and go for a smaller guy, yet Curley has a very strong and domineering personality but is also short which makes him resent himself for being short and takes it out on big guys- like Lennie. This is a way of Curley making himself look big, since he hates being the small guy. 5) When Curley and Lennie are fighting, Lennie at first lets Curley hit him even though Lennie’s in pain; he does this for George’s sake and doesn’t want to get into anymore trouble. Whilst Curley is hitting Lennie, Lennie cries for George’s help, he says â€Å"make um’ stop George† this again reinforces Lennie’s relations with George, we can see that he relies a lot on George when he needs help just like a child would. Curley decides to go along with the story that he got his hand caught in a machine, instead of saying what really happened. This is because Curley is ashamed of being the loser in the fight and doesn’t want people to know what Lennie did to him because it will make people think he’s weak.

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Answer questions - Essay Example As a result of different environmental conditions between Earth and Mars like absence of plate tectonics in Mars, the Olympus Mons cooled forming slopes that were 21km high. This is due to over a million years of cooling. There are several volcanoes on earth that match the characteristic of the Olympus Mons although they are not as big. A good example is the Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii. This is the greatest volcano on the planet Earth despite being oversized almost three times by the Olympus Mons. Mauna Loa is also classified as a shield volcano and its 9km in height and 120km across. However, a volcano the size of Olympus Mons cannot be found on Earth because of unsuitable condition for such formations. Radiometric dating is the process of analyzing the radioactive elements in a rock so as to determine its age (Weins, 2002). This dating method is based on the knowledge of radioactive decay whereby an unstable element (parent) breaks down by giving of electrons, neutron or protons to form a new daughter isotope (same element but with different atomic mass). Each particular unstable element takes a predictable amount of time to decay from a parent to a daughter element called half-life (Weins, 2002). The knowledge of the half-lives of different element can enable scientist to determine the age of a rock. This dating technique is most suitable for igneous (volcanic) rock with radioactive elements whose half-lives are known. The presence of different radioactive isotopes in the rock has brought forth the existence of many radiometric techniques each depending on the isotope in question. A scientist can opt to analysis abundant unstable elements found in rocks. Elements like Lutetium-176, Uranium-238, Uranium-235, Rubium-87, Potassium-40, and Carbon-14 are preferred because of their instability, abundance, and known half-life (Dickin, 2005). This method calculates the age of rocks between 100,000 years to above 3.6billion

Identify a significant problem area within American Business, or Essay

Identify a significant problem area within American Business, or Business Related Law today - Essay Example In an employment situation, for example, an employee may be being subjected to language discrimination if the workplace has a â€Å"speak-English-only† policy but the employee’s primary language is something other than English† (The Legal Aid Society - Employment Law Center and the ACLU Foundation of Northern California 1). 2. Description of the Nature and Extent of the Problem in Contemporary Society In contemporary society, language discrimination still continues despite laws that were enforced regarding the need to comply with regulations imposed by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which states that â€Å"the mere existence of a â€Å"speak-English-only† workplace policy is evidence of discrimination under federal law† (The Legal Aid Society - Employment Law Center and the ACLU Foundation of Northern California 2). Furthermore, discriminating the use of one’s native language has been found to â€Å"be a form of discrimination o n the basis of race or national origin, which are prohibited by well-established civil rights laws such as Titles VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (a federal law), and the California Fair Employment and Housing Act (a state law)† (The Legal Aid Society - Employment Law Center and the ACLU Foundation of Northern California 1). 3. ... enter) on behalf of the plaintiffs, the Filipino nurses’ employed in DRMC were summoned to alleged mandatory meetings emphasizing the need to conform to the English-only policy and were, likewise, appropriately advised and warned that surveillance monitoring systems would be installed as a means of controlling them. As such, the report indicated that even during break time, fellow staff nurses continue to barrage these Filipino nurses into complying with the English-only policy; they were also encouraged to immediately report Filipino nurses who speak in their native language. In a copy of the case brief, it was also disclosed that the discrimination targeted only Filipino nurses, and other non-Filipino nurses who speak their respective native languages were not subjected to the same discriminative rules and practices (Asian American Legal Center, "Case No. 1:10-cv-01492-LJO-JLT" 9). 4. Analysis and Discussion of Ways that the Problem Affects Life The language discrimination p roblem was reported to have caused severe emotional and psychological stress, as well as economic difficulties, which ensued due to the need to file legal charges against the hospital for violating the rights of these workers, subject to the Equal Employment Opportunities law and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. According to one of the nurses, who was selected spokesperson of the Filipino nurses who filed the legal action against DRMC, the organization’s imposition of sanctions created due embarrassment and lowered the morale of Filipino nurses. Despite having served the organization for a considerable length of time, the loyalty and dedication rendered were not at all acknowledged and, therefore, the language discrimination practiced causes significant stress, feelings of isolation, and being

Theories Of International Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories Of International Relations - Assignment Example The theory says that all states are equal, and no state can purport to direct the affairs of another country (Slaughter, pp 2-7). Due to this independence from each other, the states are never interested in the happenings of another state. This theory can be seen as a classic case of self-preservation by the individual states. Therefore, one state can never subordinate its needs or interest, or jeopardize its interest be they economic or political in favor of another state's interest. Each state will, therefore, do all it can to put itself in a position where it can protect itself from extinction. The theory further shows that there is little trust between and among states to assist each other in the event of a crisis (Walts, P.27). Constructivism is a theory that is based on interest and objects of states in the world. Unlike neorealism of s. Constructivism to of is by of in of theirs. It is not; therefore, a case of utilitarianism but one for shared goals. The theory explains that there are many reasons why states will cooperate with each other. For instance where the security country in jeopardy the other countries likely assist in that state and evidence that and the supporting states acting self-preservation (Behrahesh, para 5-7). Ministry of defense (2014) show that as the times change, there will be more insecurity will as a result of state attaching a lot of importance to the ideologies on the two issues. The states will tend to be more independent and therefore engage in detrimental activities. The states will tend to be more defensive, and the role of the UN will be peripheral as states attempt to safeguard their position. This would be a manifestation of neorealism where each state formulates its ideologies regardless of the effect it may have on the states (Ministry of defense, 2014 pp, 16).  Ã‚  

Child Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Child Law - Essay Example The Child Abduction Act addresses the offence that is child abduction. In this case, an abductor could be a parent, or not. The act also provides that an individual who is involved with a child below sixteen years of age is deemed to have committed an offence at such a time as when he either sends or takes a child away from the United Kingdom, and not taking the trouble of seeking proper consent. Once a person is deemed to be a parent to such a child, the law recognizes such a person as being connected to the child in question (Wardle & Nolan 2002). In a situation whereby such a child was born at a time when his parents had not yet married, but evidence exists without any reasonable doubt that such a person is the father to the child, or a guardian for that matter, this is still counted as a connection with the child. The same case applies when such a person has been awarded the child’s custody (Wardle & Nolan 2002). The Child Abduction Act states that the consent to taking away a child has to be sought from the mother to the child, his father (only in a case where such a father enjoys parental responsibilities), the child’s guardian, or another individual who has been favoured by a residence order to take care the child. The same case applies to an individual that has been granted custody of the child in question (Wardle & Nolan 2002). According to the Child Abduction Act, an individual may send or take a child away from United Kingdom and not be seen to have committed any offence under certain circumstances. For example, an individual who has had a residence order ruled in favour of, in as far as the custody of the child is concerned gets exempted, or if an individual wishes to send or take such a child from outside of the United Kingdom for no more than a month’s time (Lyster 2007). The Child Abduction Act may be said to take into account the welfare of the child. For example,

Apple, Inc Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Apple, Inc - Thesis Example esigning and developing innovative products in the area of mobile communication, computers, accessories, including software, services and networking solutions. The company is committed to bringing the best user experience to its customers through its innovative hardware, software, peripherals and services in the area of technology and digital communication. The vision statement gives direction to the firm and serves as motivation for the workforce to develop collective goals and achieve them through shared learning and participatory approach. Company’s mission statements clearly state its commitment to diversity. With its business interests expanded across the globe, it addresses the needs of its consumers coming from diverse background that cuts across race, culture, color and nationality. As such, it not only promotes diversity within its work environment but also strives to exploits cultural competency of its human capital to innovate and maintain its competitive advantage. It is an equal employment opportunity employer and ensures that there is no discrimination based on race, color, nationality, gender, disability etc. In fact, it is committed to ‘working with and providing reasonable accommodation to applicants with physical or mental disabilities’ (apple.com). Moreover, Affirmative action is crucial ingredient that helps managerial leadership to exploit the unique competencies of diverse workforce. Workers enjoy equal rights and opportunity, irrespective of their nativity, color, gender or race . The organization provides constant learning environment to its workers so that they are able to upgrade their skills and knowledge to meet the changing demands of the times. . The various internal initiatives comprise of in-house training and skill development programs for people coming from different background. Most importantly, management recognizes the importance of diversity and makes effort to exploit the tacit knowledge of diverse workforce to create

Allocation of Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Allocation of Resources - Essay Example The work breakdown structure of the company’s server upgrade will be as follows: Having looked at the WBS for the company’s project, it is important to explain the various work packets data that will emanate from the already formulated WBS. Work packets will determine the scope of the projects in terms of the costs involved as well as the time in hours that will be employed for the success of the project. The total work packets will be embodied in the six key areas of the intended system upgrade. They will include project launch, installation and troubleshooting and finally evaluation for changes before the final roll out to the other departments. First, the project launch will include the initiation of the project, education on the need for change in the organization and mobilization of the relevant personnel for project roll out. This will take an average of 10% of the project costs and an equal amount of time relative to the allocated project duration. Secondly, the verified programs and physical hardware will be installed into the system to gradually phase out the older system. Since the purchase and installation of the newer version of windows and other networking essential into the main server will take a lot of resources in terms of finances and time, the bulk of the project’s allocation (60%) will be assigned to this packet. This stage will also involve troubleshooting any problems associated with usage or compatibility of the newly installed system. Evaluation will involve the collection and analysis of data on usage, system capabilities and efficiency for the organization. The data collected will be utilized for the purposes of analysis that will culminate to the project’s adoption and full integration in the company’s operational systems. All the issues relating to customer usage, system requirement’s satisfaction and sustainability will be corrected at this stage to ensure a steady and running system. Since this is also an important

Creation vs. Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Creation vs. Evolution - Essay Example The design of the world demonstrates that there should be the designer and the humans are the key source of information to support this idea. The first movements in favor of creationism were defined as American Fundamentalist Protestantism. They started early in the nineteenth century as an opposition to the theories of Charles Darwin. His theories were perceived as a direct threat to the Biblical writings and were thought to lead to the moral decay. The movement re-appeared in the after World War I period and creationists demanded the passage of the law to prohibit public school instruction about Darwin's evolution (Larson, 19). The manifestation of the movement in favor of creationism was the famous Monkey Trial (Scopes v State, 1927). It was the first time the evolution-creation arguments were presented in the court. The ruling was against the biology teacher who was convicted in teaching evolutionism. For the next 20 years, scientists have failed to provide enough arguments to gain the dominance in the court. As the result, publishers of the biology books have taken out all of the information about evolution, Darwin's theory was not taught at schools, and even the name of the theory was avoided. However, after the Soviet Union has launched its first satellite in 1957 the evolutionists awaked and managed to pass the National Defense Education Act (1959) under which the Biological Sciences with chapters on evolution and Darwin's theory were placed in the books again. Moreover, the teacher Susan Epperson has appealed to the court with the request to turn down the ruling in Scopes v State. In the case Epperson v. Arkansas the court has ruled in favour of evolution. The ruling was based on the idea that prohibiting teachers from teaching the theory of evolution (doctrine that man ascended from the lower order animals) and exclusion of the textbooks containing chapters on the theory was unlawful (Gilkey, 48). The fact that the theory of evolution has contradicted the belief in the lines written in the Book of Genesis does not make the Bible the exclusive source of doctrine on the origin of human kind. In addition, the First Amendment prohibits the requirement to teach subjects of any religious dogmas in public schools. However, it is important to understand that students should be aware about the evolution theory of Darwin as well as about the Biblical version of creation. The question is not whether or not evolution should be taught at school, but rather which story has valid basis. As the result, the creationists have succeeded in requiring the equal time for Biblical and scientific studies. Interestingly, until the passage of Arkansas Act 590 named "Balanced Treatment for Creation - Science and Evolution- Science Act" the definitions of creation and evolution have never been referred to. Paul Ellwanger, the head of the Citizens for Fairness in Education, has provided both definitions. Thus, the creation -science is scientific

Evaluate teh Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 that focuses on Barriers Essay

Evaluate teh Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 that focuses on Barriers of implementing of the Act - Essay Example To begin with, in the full implementation of the act there was lack of the devoted man –hours to properly implement it. This was actually caused by the fact some of the people charge with see the success of this act felt that all avenues had been explores as far as preventing pollution is concerned and that this act would not add anything substantial to the extent that thing had reached. Though some of this is due to the lack of management committee that can coordinate the ground work, it was also noted that there was lack of enough resources. In order to successfully achieve its objective then there has to a management committee which will be charge with responsibility of coordinating all the staff (Dale & Johnson, 1996). Secondly, another major barrier to the success of this act was the fact that the project was deemed to cost so much and yet many felt that enough had been done to prevent pollution. Its surely true that the implementation of this act would cost so much for the tax payers thus this was a big barrier in its implementation since the government was reluctant to pump that much need funds to speed up its implementation. Though, all is not as they could still depend on the multimedia results and conclusive data that had been taken before in order to facilitate its implementation. These already existing data could be used in understanding the trend and conditions in the environment and public health (Dale & Johnson, 1996). There was also lack of enough priority from the business owner. This was due to the general awareness of the mandate as far as the prevention of pollution is concerned. In order to ensure success of this project then there has to be increased awareness especially of the EPA funded Chemical and Pesticide Results Measure Project (CAPRM) and this would in turn help increase the participation of many business owners. In addition, there was also lack of the regulatory enforcer. This to me I don’t

CU1513 & Food Essay Example for Free

CU1513 Food Essay Children need to be in a positive environment because if the child spends their day in an effective designed environment, the child will be physically, socially, emotionally, and aesthetically nurtured. The environment can maximise their intellectual potential and provide a foundation for the development of their emotional security. A positive environment for children and young people must be a safe place to work in, so a number of legal health and safety requirements should be in place. Whatever the setting, policies and procedures guide the workplace. 2) In my work setting, we work within the care standards regulations by making sure the setting is a safe place to be in, and being hygienic, we have a sterilising unit which is used everyday, and also sterilise the plastic toys and make sure everything is cleaned well. We wear aprons and gloves whilst changing babies nappies, and to go around every morning and evening checking that nothings broken. We also give out daily sheets to give to the parent/carer at the end of the day, to tell them what theyve had and what theyve done during the day. The Special Needs Code of Practice is designed to help make effective decisions regarding children and young people with special educational needs, but this does not mean you can tell them exactly what to do in each individual case. A positive environment and routine teaches children how to behave with people in general, in my work setting the ages are 3-18 months, so the older babies might get an early understanding on how to be around people and how to be around one another. If the staff are positive and approachable, it could also help children to talk to staff more about any concerns they may have. Also it allows parents to talk to the staff more easily, and feel included and equal. 3) This is part of children’s learning about self care and personal hygiene. We can help them do this by encouraging them to wash their hands before and after eating, and also giving them a mirror which can help them too. In my work setting, ages 3-18 months, it is very different, as theyd need their nappies changed regularly to prevent infections and sores, and to also talk to the parent/carer about any allergies or skin conditions their child might have. We also talk to parents/carers about their child’s hair in case they have any allergies or conditions as they may require special products. And we will ask them to bring in hats, especially during Summer. Teeth are important too, as well as having healthy milk teeth, it encourages the healthy adult teeth. With older children, workers can encourage children to brush their own teeth in the morning and before bedtime with the guidance of the parent/carer. 4) Rest and exercise both play a crucial part in health and well being of children. Learning and memory are at there best in well rested children. Exercise is equally important, playing a vital role in physical health, which promotes muscle and bone strength. In my work setting we promote exercise by doing activities with them which can include dancing, going out to the outside play area or going for a walk to the park, and then when they get out of their prams, they explore and identify new things too. We encourage rest by doing certain activities which includes sitting down and reading books and putting them to bed after lunch time and if they are tired at any time throughout the day we will put them in a cot/pram. 5) The basic nutritional requirements include plenty of fruit and veg, which we should be having at least five portions of a variety everyday. In my work setting we encourage the children to eat fruit and veg everyday by giving a different variety at both snack times. Bread, rice, potatoes and pasta and other starchy foods, milk and dairy foods, and also some meat, fish and alternatives, also to have a small amounts of foods and drink which is high in fat or sugar, although this should be kept restricted to special occasion foods only. 6) When children come together at meal/snack time, they should be all eating the same food, however there can be special requirements. For example, children with chewing or digestive difficulties may need their food chopped or liquidized. Specific food additives may cause allergic reactions. And even cultural/religious preferences may restrict specific foods, as either a general rule, or certain times and holidays. Whoever cant eat meat for any reason, we give alternatives to the foods given. 7) Food is a common way for illness to spread, workers who are ill or have recently been ill can unknowingly contaminate foods which are prepared and served to the children. In childcare settings, food safety is everyones responsibility, any member of staff that comes in contact with the food should be familiar with safe food handling practices and all work places should have a food safety book. The National Childcare Accreditation Council (NCAC) provides national guidelines for childcare which covers all areas of care, which includes information on all aspects of quality childcare, including hygiene, communications, discipline, food and nutrition. Research time journal. 40 minutes on questions 1-4 30 minutes on questions 5-7

The Impact Of Living With Chronic Illness Social Work Essay

The Impact Of Living With Chronic Illness Social Work Essay Families and individuals have to overcome new challenges due to disability and chronic illness. Families have suffer financial burden related to providing health facilities, education and buying appropriate equipment for the disabled or chronically ill member of the family. Some times house needs to modified to accommodate the needs of affected individual. Sometimes families and affected individuals get financial help from social services but getting the whole procedure and paper work done puts an extra burden while caring for the affected family member. Sometimes the situation is more worse when affected families and individuals suffer because they are unaware of the facilities and help they can get from government institutes Stress: Caring for the affected member of the family on daily basis puts family members under constant stress, anxiety, and depression and also physical fatigue. Family members and the affected individual become uncertain about the future. The affected individual also suffers from the frustration of disability and losing function. Gender: Disability affects family members differently- female family members tend to be more considerate and affectionate towards the affected person while male family members tend to provide financial support. Most families who are responsible for the care of disabled/chronically ill members of the family find this division of labour according to gender an easy way to manage and cope with challenges. Gender also affects disabled individual- female and male individual show different attitudes towards physical disability or chronic illness/pain. Women do not feel comfortable outside their home anf find it dangerous while men tend to adapt to their reduced function and still tend to be as functional as is possible. Disabled females tend to be more dependent on family and friends compared to disabled males. Relationships: Often relatioships change their meanings within the family responsible to care for a disabled member. The person who is mainly responsible for the care/ entertainment/ diet and necessities of the disabled person tends to take more important position in the family and the rest of the family becomes less involved in decision making. If a mother is more involved in the care of a disabled child this can lead to father being less involved in the care responsibilities and tend to indulge himself more in work or activities outside home- this can sometimes lead to conflicts within the families with one member feeling overburdened. Lifestyle: Most of the resources (money, time etc) of a family with a disabled member are spent in the care of the disabled leading to an overall lower quality of life. Families have to give up entertainment plans such as holidays due to lack of resources, facilities and extra responsibility of care. Friends, neighbors, and people in the community may react negatively to the disability by avoidance, disparaging remarks or looks, or overt efforts to exclude people with disabilities and their families. Despite the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990, many communities still lack programs, facilities, and resources that allow for the full inclusion of persons with disabilities. Families often report that the person with the disability is not a major burden for them. The burden comes from dealing with people in the community whose attitudes and behaviors are judgmental, stigmatizing, and rejecting of the disabled individual and his or her family (Knoll 1992; Turnbull et al. 1993). Family members report that these negative attitudes and behaviors often are characteristic of their friends, relatives, and service providers as well as strangers (Patterson and Leonard 1994). Social stigma: Families with disabled member and disabled individual themselves feel isolated from the society. Friends, neighbours and other family might not play their supportive role effectively Overall, stress from these added demands of disability in family life can negatively affect the health and functioning of family members (Patterson 1988; Varni and Wallander 1988). Numerous studies report that there is all increased risk of psychological and behavioral symptoms in the family members of persons with disabilities (Cadman et al. 1987; Singer and Powers 1993; Vance, Fazan, and Satterwhite 1980). However, even though disability increases the risk for these problems, most adults and children who have a member with a disability do not show psychological or behavioral problems. They have found ways to cope with this added stress in their lives. Increasingly, the literature on families and disabilities emphasizes this adaptive capacity of families. It has been called family resilience (Patterson 1991b; Singer and Powers 1993; Turnbull et al. 1993). Many families actually report that the presence of disability has strengthened them as a family-they become closer, more acceptin g of others, have deeper faith, discover new friends, develop greater respect for life, improve their sense of mastery, and so on. While there are many commonalities regarding the impact of disabilities on families, other factors lead to variability in the impact of disability on the family. Included in these factors are the type of disability, which member of the family gets the disability, and the age of onset of the disability. Disabilities vary along several dimensions, including the degree and type of incapacitation (sensory, motor, or cognitive); the degree of visibility of the disability; whether the course of the condition is constant, relapsing, or progressive; the prognosis or life expectancy of the person; the amount of pain or other symptoms experienced; and the amount of care or treatment required. John Rolland (1994) has outlined a typology of chronic conditions based on some of these factors and has described the psychosocial impact on families based on these factors. His argument, and that of several others (Perrin et al. 1993; Stein et al. 1993), is that the variability in the psychosocial impact of chronic conditions is related more to characteristics of the condition than to the diagnosis per se. Consider the course of the condition. When it is progressive (such as degenerative arthritis or dementia), the symptomatic person may become increasingly less functional. The family is faced with increasing caretaking demands, uncertainty about the degree of dependency and what living arrangement is best, as well as grieving continuous loss. These families need to readjust continuously to the increasing strain and must be willing to find and utilize outside resources. If a condition has a relapsing course (such as epilepsy or cancer in remission), the ongoing care may be less, but a family needs to be able to reorganize itself quickly and mobilize resources when the condition flares up. They must be able to move from normalcy to crisis alert rapidly. An accumulation of these dramatic transitions can exhaust a family. Disabilities with a constant course (such as a spinal cord injury) require major reorganization of the family at the outset and then perseverance and stamina for a long time. While these families can plan, knowing what is ahead, limited community resources to help them may lead to exhaustion. Disabilities where mental ability is limited seem to be more difficult for families to cope with (Breslau 1993; Cole and Reiss 1993; Holroyd and Guthrie 1986). This may be due to greater dependency requiring more vigilance by family members, or because it limits the persons ability to take on responsible roles, and perhaps limits the possibilities for independent living. If the mental impairment is severe, it may create an extra kind of strain for families because the person is physically present in the family but mentally absent. This kind of incongruence between physical presence and psychological presence has been called boundary ambiguity (Boss 1993). Boundary ambiguity means that it is not entirely clear to family members whether the person (with the disability in this case) is part of the family or not because the person is there in some ways but not in others. Generally, families experience more distress when situations are ambiguous or unclear because they do not know what to expect and may have a harder time planning the roles of other family members to accommodate this uncertainty. In addition to cognitive impairment, other characteristics of disabilities can create ambiguity and uncertainty for families. For example, an uncertain life expectancy makes it difficult to plan future life roles, to anticipate costs of care, or to make decisions about the best living arrangements for adults requiring assistance in the activities of daily living. For example, from 1970 to 1991, survival for children with cystic fibrosis increased 700 percent, to a life expectancy of twenty-six years in the United States (Fitzsimmons 1991). These young adults now face difficult family decisions, such as whether to marry and whether to have children. In more extreme cases related to severe medical conditions, persons may have their lives extended by using advances in biomedical science and technology. When this happens, families can be faced with very difficult decisions about what techniques and equipment should be used, for how long, with what expected gains, at what cost, and so on. Society is facing new issues in biomedical ethics, but there is no social consensus about how aggressively to intervene and under what circumstances. Family members who bear the emotional burden of these decisions do not always agree on a course of action and, furthermore, may be blocked by hospitals and courts from carrying out a particular course of action. While these kinds of cases may not yet be widespread, they have sparked intense debate and raised the consciousness of many families about issues they may face. In addition to type of impairment, there is variability in the severity of impairment. The degree to which a person with disability is limited in doing activities or functions of daily living (e.g., walking, feeding oneself, and toileting) can be assessed and is called functional status. The lower the persons functional status, the more assistance he or she will need from other people and/or from equipment and devices. Family members are a primary source of this needed assistance (Biegel, Sales, and Schulz 1991; Stone and Kemper 1989). Providing this assistance can create a burden for family caregivers, which may result in physical or psychological symptoms of poor health. For example, parents, especially mothers, experience more depression when their children with disabilities have lower functional status (Patterson, Leonard, and Titus 1992; Singer et al. 1993). For elderly caregivers, physical strain may be a limiting factor in how much and for how long assistance can be provided f or the disabled individual (Blackburn 1988). The age of the person when the disability emerges is associated with different impacts on the family and on the familys life course, as well as on the course of development for the person with disability (Eisenberg, Sutkin, and Jansen 1984). When conditions emerge in late adulthood, in some ways this is normative and more expectable. Psychologically it is usually less disruptive to the family. When disability occurs earlier in a persons life, this is out of phase with what is considered normative, and the impact on the course of development for the person and the family is greater. More adjustments have to be made and for longer periods of time. When the condition is present from birth, the childs life and identity are shaped around the disability. In some ways it may be easier for a child and his or her family to adjust to never having certain functional abilities than to a sudden loss of abilities later. For example, a child with spina bifida from birth will adapt differently than a child who suddenly becomes a paraplegic in adolescence due to an injury. The age of the parents when a childs disability is diagnosed is also an important consideration in how the family responds. For example, teenage parents are at greater risk for experiencing poor adaptation because their own developmental needs are still prominent, and they are less likely to have the maturity and resources to cope with the added demands of the child. For older parents there is greater risk of having a child with certain disabilities, such as Down syndrome. Older parents may lack the stamina for the extra burden of care required, and they may fear their own mortality and be concerned about who will care for their child when they die. The course of the childs physical, psychological, and social development will forever be altered by the chronic condition. Since development proceeds sequentially, and since relative success at mastering the tasks of one stage is a prerequisite for facing the challenges of the next stage, one could anticipate that the earlier the onset, the greater the adverse impact on development (Eisenberg, Sutkin, and Jansen 1984). There are many ways in which the accomplishment of development tasks is complicated for persons with disabilities. This, in turn, has an effect on their families as well as on which family roles can be assumed by the person with disability (Perrin and Gerrity 1984). For example, in infancy, disability may frighten parents, or the infant may be unresponsive to their nurturing efforts such that attachment and bonding necessary for the development of trust are compromised. The parent may feel inadequate as a caregiver, and parenting competence is undermined. For a toddler, active exploration of the social environment, needed to develop a sense of autonomy and self-control, may be restricted because of the childs motor, sensory, or cognitive deficits. Parents, fearing injury or more damage to their young child, may restrict their childs efforts to explore and learn, or they may overindulge the child out of sympathy or guilt. If other people react negatively to the childs disability, pare nts may try to compensate by being overly protective or overly solicitous. These parent behaviors further compromise the childs development of autonomy and self-control. As children with disabilities move into school environments where they interact with teachers and peers, they may experience difficulties mastering tasks and developing social skills and competencies. Although schools are mandated to provide special education programs for children in the least restrictive environment and to maximize integration, there is still considerable variability in how effectively schools do this. Barriers include inadequate financing for special education; inadequately trained school personnel; and, very often, attitudinal barriers of other children and staff that compromise full inclusion for students with disabilities. Parents of children with disabilities may experience a whole set of added challenges in assuring their childrens educational rights. In some instances, conflict with schools and other service providers can become a major source of strain for families (Walker and Singer 1993). In other cases, school programs are a major resource for families. Developmental tasks of adolescence- developing an identity and developing greater autonomy-are particularly difficult when the adolescent has a disability. Part of this process for most adolescents generally involves some risk-taking behaviors, such as smoking and drinking. Adolescents with disabilities take risks too, sometimes defying treatment and procedures related to their condition, such as skipping medications or changing a prescribed diet. Issues related to sexuality may be particularly difficult because the person with disability has fears about his or her desirability to a partner, sexual performance, and worries about ever getting married or having children (Coupey and Cohen 1984). There is some evidence that girls may be at greater risk for pregnancy because of their desire to disavow their disability and prove their normalcy (Holmes 1986). Teens with mental impairment may be subjected to sexual exploitation by others. When disability has its onset in young adulthood, the persons personal, family, and vocational plans for the future may be altered significantly. If the young adult has a partner where there is a long-term commitment, this relationship may be in jeopardy, particularly if the ability to enact adult roles as a sexual partner, parent, financial provider, or leisure partner are affected (Ireys and Burr 1984). When a couple has just begun to plan a future based on the assumption that both partners would be fully functional, they may find the adjustment to the disability too great to handle. The development of a relationship with a significant other  after  the disability is already present is more likely to lead to positive adjustment. Young adulthood is that critical transition from ones family of origin to creating a new family unit with a partner and possibly children. When disability occurs at this stage, the young adults parents may become the primary caregivers, encouraging or b ringing the young person home again. The risk is that the developmental course for the young adult and his or her parents may never get back on track. This is influenced in part by the extent to which there are independent living options for persons with disabilities to make use of in the community. When the onset of disability occurs to adults in their middle years, it is often associated with major disruption to career and family roles. Those roles are affected for the person with the disability as well as for other family members who have come to depend on him or her to fulfill those roles. Some kind of family reorganization of roles, rules, and routines is usually required. If the person has been employed, he or she may have to give up work and career entirely or perhaps make dramatic changes in amount and type of work. The family may face a major loss of income as well as a loss in health and other employee benefits. If the person is a parent, childrearing responsibilities may be altered significantly. The adult may have to switch from being the nurturer to being the nurtured. This may leave a major void in the family for someone to fill the nurturing role. If the person is a spouse, the dynamics of this relationship will change as one person is unable to perform as indepen dently as before. The partner with the disability may be treated like another child. The sexual relationship may change, plans for having more children may be abandoned, lifestyle and leisure may be altered. Some spouses feel that their marital contract has been violated, and they are unwilling to make the necessary adjustments. Children of a middle-aged adult with a disability also experience role shifts. Their own dependency and nurturing needs may be neglected. They may be expected to take on some adult roles, such as caring for younger children, doing household chores, or maybe even providing some income. How well the familys efforts at reorganization work depends ultimately on the familys ability to accommodate age-appropriate developmental needs. In families where there is more flexibility among the adults in assuming the different family roles, adjustment is likely to be better. The onset of disability in old age is more expectable as bodily functions deteriorate. This decline in physical function is often associated with more depression. An older person may live for many years needing assistance in daily living, and the choices of where to get that assistance are not always easily made. Spouses may be unable to meet the extra caretaking needs indefinitely as their own health and stamina decline (Blackburn 1988). Adult children are often in a position of deciding where their elderly parent or parents should live when they can no longer care for themselves. Having their parents move in with them or having them move to a nursing home or seniors residence are the most common options. However, each of these choices carries with it emotional, financial, and social costs to the elderly person as well as to his or her adult children. This responsibility for elderly parents is not always shared among adult children. Adult daughters are more likely than adult sons to be involved in providing direct care for their elderly parents (Brody 1985). The many decisions and responsibilities can be sources of tension, conflict, and resentment among extended family members. This period of disability in old age can go on for a very long time, given the medical capability to sustain life. While the practice is still not widespread, more elderly people are preparing a living will, which is a legal document preventing extraordinary means from being used to prolong their lives.

Research into Call Centre Customer Confusion

Research into Call Centre Customer Confusion Discussion Following from the results obtained from the survey, most participants had used the call centre service within the past six months and the perceived confusion level by customers was relatively high. Evidently, this research reinforces the fact that consumer confusion still exists within the call centre service. The first factor which influences customer confusion was identified as gender. The majority of the participants in the research were females, however it was also found that there was a higher involvement of male staff working at call centres. This supports the literature review as research suggests that female customers tend to ask more questions during the centre call service than males. It can be detected that this was because males cannot communicate effectively with females. An approach that can be taken to reduce this aspect of customer confusion is to employ more female staff in call centres. Furthermore, before customer service is provided to the customer, the call centre should provide the option to the customer of being attended by a female or male staff, according to their preference. Another substantial cause of customer confusion was language barriers. This is an issue which reinforces the theory suggested by Robison et al 2006. His theory suggests that outsourcing to other countries influences the structure, quality, outcomes and satisfaction in call centres. From our research we found that the majority of customer confusion was caused due to accent and pronunciation issues, due to outsourcing calls abroad. However, our results could not support the effect on outsourcing calls abroad has on the structure of call centres. For participants, the majority of assistance within call centre was non-native English speakers. However it does not indicate that the culture or background that an assistant possesses influences the quality of customer service provided. This point is limited by the context of this research as it is solely based in the UK. By the fact stated in the literature review, English call centre providers tend to outsource calls to other countries most commonly, India. The culture between the UK and India is similar; however there is a significant difference between some countries, such as China, and the UK. Today, more foreigners are coming to the UK which results in a wider variety of customers using call centres. This can explain the continuation of customer confusion in the UK. Accordingly, organisations may need to provide training to assistants relating to cultural differences, especially if some customers from certain countries formulate a considerable portion of their customer basis. Technical issues were also identified from the research carried out which organisations can effectively tackle. The first issue identified was the incompetency of the assistant, such as the lack of expertise about the service or product the company provides. Thus, the company should provide and emphasise the knowledge regarding the product or service they offer sufficiently. Furthermore, the lack of communication between the call centre and other department within the business was identified as the third vital cause of customer confusion. Frequently, customers raise questions that cannot be answered by the knowledge of a certain department. This results in customers experiencing another step, dialling another number for instance, in the call centre process which irritates customers with consumer confusion. To address this issue, a communication system must be established amongst departments, to actively connect customers to the appropriate department who can resolve their problems ac curately. Additionally, another technical problem within call centres is call background noise that organisations must remove enhance the quality provided by the call centre. As written in the literature review, customers may prefer to help themselves when they wish to solve the confusion they have, which was also found in the survey that customers tend to try to browse the organisations official website to see if they can solve the problem without a call to avoid the potential confusions that might be caused during the call centre service. Airline industry as an example, was the sole industry which the participants in the survey did not use call centre for. Certainly there are distinct natures among various industries, but the well-organised and informative Airline industrys web-enabled call centre service can be an inspiration for other industries. Manage the firms website used to interact with customers more effectively with more benchmark of information, better structure and cle arer guide. Moreover, the organisation can transform the traditional calling conversation into online chat by typing or video calling. Ethical issues were also highlighted as a source of consumer confusion. The spam calls which customers receive irritate them and cause their customer confusion. Therefore organisations need to be more concerned with ethical issues that may cause customer confusion and impact on their organisational reputation. The last limitation found relates to the human resource management in the call centres, the assistants attitude and behaviour particularly such as the behaviour mentioned by a participant in the research, launching into their script without any introductions. Therefore additional training should be stressed regarding the courtesy of caller conversations.

History of Computers :: Technology Computers Essays

History of Computers One could say that the history of the computer started with the abacus, a wooden frame holding two wires with beads strung on them. The beads were moved around, and the abacus was used to solve arithmetic problems. Blaise Pascal built the first digital computer in 1642, which added numbers that were entered with dials. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz built a computer in 1694 that could add and multiply (Meyers). Thomas of Colmar (Charles Xavier Thomas) created the first mechanical calculator that added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided (Augarten 37). During this time, in Cambridge, England, Charles Babbage began designing an automatic mechanical calculating machine, called the difference machine. He started manufacturing it in 1823. It was supposed to be steam powered and fully automatic, capable of printing result tables, and run by an instruction program. He worked on it for the next ten years (Meyers). Herman Hollerith and James Powers, who worked for the US Census Bureau, were the first to successfully use punch cards in 1890. Information could be punched into the cards automatically, and they developed devices to read the information, so reading errors were reduced, work flow increased, and the punched cards could be used as easily accessible memory. International Business Machines (IBM), Remington, Burroughs, and other corporations developed better punched cards. These computers used electromechanical devices in which electrical power provided mechanical motion -- like turning the wheels of an adding machine. Such systems included features to: feed in a specified number of cards automatically, add, multiply, and sort feed out cards with punched results (Meyers). They were slow compared to today computers, only processing 50-220 cards per minute, each card only holding 80 characters. Punched cards were a big advancement in their day, providing greater memory st orage. Punched cards performed most of the world first business computing and much scientific computing work (Meyers). World War II created a great need for the military to have computer capacity; trajectory tables and other information were required for new weapons. John Eckert, John Mauchly, and their associates at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of University of Pennsylvania built a high-speed electronic computer, the ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) in 19 42.

The Step-by-Step Approach: Guidelines to writing a Literature Review Es

The Step-by-Step Approach: Guidelines to writing a Literature Review Globally, students and researchers alike are presented with the task of developing a literature review. This process may seem daunting to the inexperienced writer, however, there is no need for trial and error as there are known procedures and guidelines created to simplify such an assignment. A basic literature review may be defined as â€Å"A written document that develops a case to establish a thesis. This review synthesizes current knowledge pertaining to the research question (Machi & McEvoy, 2012)†. A literature a review is an organized way to research a topic and is considered the foundation of a research study (Polit & Beck, 2013). According to Lawrence A. Machi and Brenda T. McEvoy (2012), the purpose of a literature review depends on the nature of the inquiry. Basic literature reviews summarize and evaluate topics that have been previously explored. Advanced literature reviews are slightly more demanding because they apply the knowledge gathered from a basic literatu re review and incorporate that knowledge as a basis for formulating a new question and original research. Machi and McEvoy (2012), authors of The Literature Review: Six Steps to Success describe the following six steps to the literature review process— 1. Select a Topic, 2. Search the Literature, 3. Develop the Argument, 4. Survey the Literature, 5. Critique the Literature, 6. Write the Review. This paper will describe and evaluate the steps involved in writing a literature review. The first step in conducting a literature review is selecting a topic. Selecting a topic of discussion requires at least two tasks. First, find a personal interest. Most research topics are based upon everyday co... ...n the review, following these steps should conclude in a literature review that highlights the significant aspects of a topic in a logical order that allows the reader to understand the context and relation to a research question (Polit & Beck, 2013). References Aaron, L. (2008). Writing & research. writing a literature review article. Radiologic Technology , 80(2), 185. Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2010). Understanding Nursing Research: Building an evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Machi, L. A., & McEvoy, B. T. (2012). The Literature Review: Six Steps to Success. Sage. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2013). Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice. Wolters Kluwer Health. Randolph, J. J. (2009). A guide to writing the dissertation literature review. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 14(13), 2.

Accounting Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Accounting technician is an occupation that is needed in many aspects of our society. If you like to work with mathematics, computer and money management, a suitable occupation for you is accounting technician. To achieve your goal, you need to be familiar with the job description and duties, working conditions, education and training program, job opportunities and financial aspects. Job Description and Duties   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Accounting technicians keep systematic records of business transactions. For example, they make bank deposits and reconcile records of bank transactions. These technicians also assist with accounts receivable and accounts payable records, ledgers and journals. They use computers to calculate, prepare and process invoices, accounts payable and receivable, budget documents and other routine financial records. They also have other duties, such as performing computer data entry and analysis functions, preparing, typing and mailing monthly customer statements, taking telephone orders, making up cheques and assisting with payroll calculations. Working Conditions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Accounting technicians usually work regular weekday hours in a comfortable office environment. During peak business periods, overtime may be required. However, in the service industry, standard hours may be different. Education and Training Programs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The educational requirements for t...

Psychology “working alliance”

The effectiveness of therapy in counselling is dependent substantially on two factors; namely, the patient’s cooperation, and the expertise of the therapist. Many experts in the field of Psychology have observed the significant contribution of the client to the over-all process. The individual’s perception of the therapist is extremely crucial to the ensuing treatment. Without the needed initial positive perception of the therapist on the part of the one seeking treatment, the whole process will not generate a desired momentum that would set the entire scheme in a strategic stance.Of course, the expertise of the therapist is another major factor – actually, the other half – but it’s a given to the whole package of treatment (Borys and Hope, 1989). Since a â€Å"working alliance† has to be established first before the actual treatment is administered, there are important or vital considerations for this â€Å"working alliance† between c lient and therapist to occur, which can be influenced greatly by the occurrence of transference and counter-transference, and this is in precis, the intentions of this paper.This will be considered as part of the issues and challenges that therapists face as they practice their profession (Corey, 2004, p. 36-112). Discussion The past baggage of the client. From any vantage point, the level of trust by client on his therapist, whether that perception is based on attractiveness, trustworthiness or as someone who knows what he may be dealing with in terms of credentials, are valid, and is the utmost concern of the helping relationship. Trust in the part of the client is necessary for the healing process.However, because the full ramifications of the issue almost always hinge on the perceptions of the client, the problems and hindrances need to be addressed or at least cited for clarity and deliberation at the outset of the relationship (Corey, 2004, p. 36-145). As hinted above, the cli ent may be bringing (emotional) baggage into their mutual involvement which may be due to prior engagements with other professionals in the therapeutic relations, whether positive or negative.Oftentimes, in many cases, these may be liaisons which were unsuccessful, distasteful or even traumatic for a few. The author pointed out that any form of future therapy will be affected due to these previous experiences, and it has to be dealt with right away at the outset (Horvath & Luborsky, 1993, p. 4). Defining transference and counter-transference It was a Freudian conception that catapulted â€Å"transference† into a much recognized terminology within the counseling practice.This was first observed when in the practice of psychotherapy, patients or clients developed strong emotionalities such as attachments and even fantasies that were not realistic. In greater sphere today, transference does not happen within psychotherapy but rather a common encounter by many. Closest to the ter m transference, is an illustration such that a person can be considered a biological time machine, when something is recalled based on certain situations or conversations that trigger the recollection and bring episodes and passions to the current reality.The elements of a person’s past needs in emotionality and psychological areas are transferred into the present. Furthermore, the feelings can be confusing as to the reasons of its appearance and oftentimes powerful enough an influencer of relationships and conduct of one’s affairs. Illustration 1. (Source: Dombeck, 2009) For most people, there is recognition of the presence of a triangle in the figure above; a recognition when in reality, no triangle is actually present.This optical illusion of a triangle exists due to prior exposure to a similar figure. The presence of a triangle is similar to transference experience wherein prior exposure to people and relationships bring many resulting experiences to the present ev en without much effort or strain (Dombeck, 2009). In therapeutic relationship, the understanding of the presence of transference in all of one’s relationships helps a practitioner to also provide the client insights into complications comprising transference (Corey, 2004).Actively evaluating these possibilities of the practitioner’s transference tendencies can help eliminate or reduce problems that hinder the therapeutic relationship. Hating a therapist or developing an infatuation are strong feelings that can be experienced by a client which are examples of transference. Therefore, it is within the context of the helping profession and it is legitimate for a therapist to search or evaluate together with the client what similar treatments he experienced before had he felt the same emotions.Self-awareness is an important aspect in emotional growth and/or maturity hence awareness of the therapist’s own tendencies is a fundamental ingredient in the practice. This m ust also be effectively conveyed to and understood by the client (Kitchener, 2000, p 45). Moreover, the occurrence of counter-transference in which the therapist develops attitudes and feelings (transference) towards his client can be real and more often counter productive. Dealing carefully with the issues that the therapist possesses are critical aspects of the profession.Only experts and those who intentionally had established ethical ways of dealing with patients or clients can better handle counter-transferences that occur (Welfel, 2005, p. 320). Bereavement, loss and termination Bereavement is loss of a loved one and any form of loss such as death, separation and the termination of relationship of whichever kind as long as these relationships were vital to the psychological well-being of an individual are all considered similar or the same (Jacobs et al. , 2000).All these human experiences are common to one’s existence and unavoidable or inevitable in one’s lifet ime. When a person experiences grief, he goes through a state of mourning and various upheavals in his emotions and psychological functioning arise. It can range from panic disorder, major depression, anxiety disorder or even PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorders) which may result to drug or alcohol use or the increase of the consumption of toxic and harmful substances (Jacobs et al. , 2000; Jacobs & Prigerson, 2000, p.23). Transference and issues of loss or termination The experience of grieving for loss can be possible also when a client has to terminate his or her therapeutic relationship. Prior experiences of loss such as death or separation like divorce can probably trigger similar emotions when the therapist finally says goodbye and closes the professional relationship with this client. This was true with a friend who had gone through therapy and for the long while attained a semblance of well-being because of the sessions.However, because this was already turning to a progress ively successful helping relationship, her therapist slowly accented the possibilities of the need for terminating the therapy. This friend came home and started to experience similar to a panic disorder which she went through when her husband announced that he was divorcing her. Waves of anger and frustration, and mostly grief and loss and emptiness seemed to engulf her, threatening to overwhelm her again. This was a critical episode of her life which might unravel the strengths she had gained in the therapy (Jacobs & Prigerson, 2000, p.23). Therapist’s counter-transference on client’s issues of loss, bereavement or termination As mentioned, awareness of one’s issues must be a matter of choice and constant self-monitoring and evaluation since this can be critical to the client’s optimal functioning or recovery as well as the therapist’s own retention of psychological and physical well-being (Welfel, 2005, p. 235-355). Thus, issues of loss, bereave ment or termination that once affected the therapist should also be dealt with and preparations in handling for potential occurrence are a must (Neimeyer, 2000).In my case, it is undeniably true that I have had occasions that a therapeutic relationship turned sour because of counter-transference. In the issue of termination though, another friend-client of mine went through grief counseling because of the death of her child whose demise was untimely in a sense. It was an accident of which she was also a witness. In the course of their helping relationship, this client-friend soon overcame her grief and loss and was restored to the normal day to day conduct of her affairs. Thus, there was time to say goodbye, and this client-friend turned to say goodbye to her therapist.Unbeknownst to her, the therapeutic relationship was already awakening deep issues within her therapist. There developed a counter-transference that though the therapist was trying to avoid and limit had already gone its course. Until the termination came to its final stage, this client-friend never knew of what was happening because her therapist never made her aware of the dilemma. I came to know about it because I knew both the therapist and the client as I was partly instrumental to their meeting. In short, the therapist had developed strong feelings of attachment to the client.She said that when termination came it was as if feelings of rejection came all over again reminiscent of the time when her former husband of several years told her that everything between them was a joke and that he was leaving her for someone else. The separation was sudden and quick and she said she was not allowed time to stall the relationship or even convince her husband to stay. Her loss was devastating and it was an issue for her of trust, denial of friendship and deep seated anger for the plain thought of someone important just leaving her for not enough convincing reasons.It was for this therapist a very irr ational step to do to one who was faithful and true. Thus, though the situations were vastly different, there was the friendship that she caught her unawares and her reactions to the termination was something that surprised the therapist. Her issues on leaving and loss were critically revived at this point with her client. Probably, she was not critically aware of where the emotions will be aroused that triggers the counter-transference or that she let her guard down.Whichever, the important thing is that the therapist reassesses her vulnerability and must again provide ways that will enable her to handle her relationships better in the future (Kitchener, 2000; Welfel, 2005). Conclusion 2. The fitness of the therapist By fitness, we mean sufficient, wide-ranging exposure, and right training to the kind of illness/es or disorder/s that he may be dealing. Even with years spent in the academe will not guarantee the development of skills in handling such complex and true-to-life situati ons or scenarios.At times, the theoretic skills acquired, instead of enabling the new therapist, may deter or hamper the process. This means to say that the therapist must possess more than head-knowledge; he should not allow his schooling to affect him to the extent that it made him conceited with no room for more learning especially when additional knowledge are available in the patient himself. He must also have the sensitivity to employ his gut-feeling to at times, direct the course of the therapy (Davison et al. , 2000).Therapeutic relationships are almost always exhausting, but it will be an undesirable experience for the alliance partners when just one of them becomes disinterested, hence as Luborsky pressed that â€Å"reciprocity† must be established, cultivated or maintained until the relationship is terminated, hopefully because the client is well (Horvath & Luborsky, 1993, p. 4). Bibliography 1. Borys, D. S. & Pope, K. S. (1989). Dual relationships between therapis t and client: A national study of psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20(5), 283-293. 2. Corey, Gerald (2004).Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Thomson Learning, USA. 3. Davison, Gerald C. and John M. Neale (2001). Abnormal Psychology. Eighth ed. John & Wiley Sons, Inc. 4. Dombeck, Mark (2009). Transference. Accessed June 2, 2009 at http://www. mentalhelp. net/poc/view_doc. php? type=doc&id=8253 5. Kitchener, K. S. (2000). Foundations of ethical practice, research, and teaching in psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 6. Horvath, Adam O. , Lester Luborsky (1993). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 61, No. 4,561-573 Copyright 1993 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.0022-006X/93/S3. 00 7. Jacobs S & Prigerson H. (2000) . Psychotherapy of traumatic grief: a review of evidence for psychotherapeutic treatments. Death Studies, 24, 479-495. 8. Jacobs, Shelby, Carolyn Mazure, and Holly Prigerson (2000) â€Å"Diagnostic Criteria for Traumatic Grief. † Death Studies 24 185–199. 9. Neimeyer R. (2000). Searching for the meaning of meanings: grief therapy and the process of reconstruction. Death Studies,24:531-558. 10. Welfel, Elizabeth R (2005). Ethics in Counseling and Psychotherapy: Standards, Research, and Emerging Issues: Wadsworth Publishing

How Is John Proctor Presented in the Crucible Essay

The way in which the protagonist, John Proctor, is presented in The Crucible somewhat changes throughout the play. Firstly, he is presented as quite dominant and violent, however as the story progresses, he is presented still as a violent character but a much more likeable one. He is also one to go with his first instincts, and has a lot of pride. These two characteristics are the main factors that lead to Proctors downfall. The first scene in which Proctor is introduced is set in Reverend Parris’ house. Upon entering, the first line he speaks in the play is â€Å"Be you foolish, Mary Warren? Be you deaf? I forbid you to leave the house, did I not?† Mary clearly feels intimidated by Proctor, as even before he speaks she â€Å"leaps with fright†. This suggests that Proctor is an important man in Salem society and that he has a good reputation. On the other hand, when he says â€Å"I am looking for you more often than my cows!† the audience starts to see that Proctor is a rather humorous and charismatic person. As the play progresses however, Proctor becomes less like this and more miserable. This therefore creates a large impact on the audience as they see him quickly change from the way he was at the beginning of the play. The next part of this scene sees Proctor speaking to the antagonist of the play, Abigail Williams. The scene introduces Proctor’s main Hamartia, which is that he cheated on his wife Elizabeth with Abigail. Lots of animal imagery is used in this scene, for example, Abigail uses the phrase â€Å"sweated like a stallion† and Proctor refers to what Abigail said about him as â€Å"a wild thing to say†. This symbolises the fact that Proctor acts on his first impulses is an animalistic manner, the way he acted solely upon his lust for Abigail without giving it any proper thought. As the scene progresses, the affair that Proctor had with Abigail is slowly implied to the audience through the flirtatious dialogue which the two share, and through lines such as â€Å"you know me better†. The audience can therefore establish throughout the scene that Abigail is the antagonist and that the fact that Proctor slept with her will be the cause of his downfall. At the start of act two, Proctor is presented as a man of quite a violent nature, and the audience also starts to see how the relationship between him and his wife, Elizabeth, is failing. As he opens the door and enters, there is a sense of a change of atmosphere in the house as Proctor can be seen â€Å"carrying his gun†. This represents the more aggressive nature of Proctor in contrast to Elizabeth’s more gentle nature, as she is â€Å"softly singing to the children†. This noticeable difference in character between Proctor and his wife starts to inform the audience that their relationship could be quite poor, without the dialogue even starting. The gun could also represent Proctors impulsive nature and his tendency to solve things with violence. In the final scene of The Crucible, Proctor refuses to confess to witchcraft to save his life, as he is much too proud to do so. He yells to Danforth, â€Å"You will not use me!† He would much rather keep his pride and his reputation and therefore be hanged than be used to justify the deaths of other people convicted of witchcraft. At this point in the play, the audience is starting to like Proctor and so the scene is full of suspense as we conclude that Proctor is certainly going to die. After he has refused to confess, he says â€Å"I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor†, suggesting that after all of his sins, this is the only good thing he has done in his life. Proctor therefore goes to his fate, still maintaining his reputation and his pride. In conclusion, John Proctor is presented as a classic example of the protagonist of a tragedy, and also as an allegory for the people who would refuse to confess to being involved in communism, and give up the names of other people involved in communist groups during the time of McCarthyism. He is presented as very proud and instinctive, and he will not go against what he thinks in right, even to save his own life.

How Can Cities Be More Sustainable Environmental Sciences Essay

Increasingly people are traveling to metropoliss and it is estimated that by the twelvemonth 2025 that 65 % of the universe ‘s population with be urban inhabitants ( Pacione 2007 ) . However, the demands of this turning urban population are impacting on our environment as resource ingestion and waste production wreak mayhem on our planet and our quality of life ( Wackernagel and Rees 1996 ) . The international consensus is that we need to move now toward sustainable development and this means happening a balance between societal, economic, and environmental precedences for now and future coevalss ( World Commission on Environment and Development 2004 ) . This essay will discourse the construct and rules of sustainable development as a model for be aftering for sustainable metropoliss, Australia ‘s national stance, be aftering dockets at the local degree, the common visions and actions for sustainable development, and reviewing the recent Brisbane City Centre Master Plan 2 026. The universe is presently home to a projected population estimation of 6.8 billion people ( US Census Bureau 2010 ) with approximately 22.4 million residing in Australia ( Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010 ) . Urbanization is happening at an dismaying rate with 50 % of the universe population presently populating in metropoliss and by the twelvemonth 2025 this figure is expected to hold risen to 65 % ( Pacione 2007 ) . These mega-cities have to run into the basic demands and consumerist life styles of 1000000s of people ensuing in degrees of resource ingestion and waste production which have black impacts on the environment ( Wackernagel and Rees 1996 ) . Our â€Å" ecological footmark † greatly outstrips the rate at which our environmental resources can be renewed and wastes can be absorbed which internationally has raised grave concerns for the future sustainability of our planet ( Wackernagel and Rees 1996 ) . If we fail to move now we may really good be jeopardizing the really being of future coevalss. So the inquiry is how to make we travel towards sustainability and the echoing reply is for the sustainable development of our metropoliss. The construct of sustainable development purposes to protect our hereafter and was foremost defined in Our Common Future by the World Commission on Environment and Development ( WCED ) in 1987 as â€Å" development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands † ( 2004, p.56 ) . Besides known as the Brundtland Commission, it advocated for sustainability which encompasses non merely our natural environment but equilibrating this with interacting economic and societal precedences ( WCED 2004 ) . The demand for sustainable development was emphasised once more internationally with the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ( UNCED ) in Rio de Janeiro ( the â€Å" Earth Summit † ) which resulted in Agenda 21 ( United Nations 2004 ) . This docket paperss the rules of sustainable development and is an international guideline for actions authoritiess, non-government administrations, and the community can take together to accomplish sustainability ( Department of the Environment and Heritage 2004 ) . Several international get-togethers and studies on sustainable development for our metropoliss have since occurred and legion states and international administrations have adopted the rules of sustainable development rules into their dockets. Despite the multiple of dockets, models, and acts steering the sustainable development of our parts and metropoliss it is still a fuzzed construct and therefore a closer expression at its three constituents – environment, societal, and economic system – is needed to place the issues and demands, signifier ends and aims, and develop programs for execution. Using this integrated planning attack has normally been called the ‘triple bottom line ‘ ( Williams 2007 ) .The Triple Bottom LineFirst coined by John Elkington in 1996, the ternary bottom line advocates that the attack to sustainable development and assessment steps of sustainable patterns should see societal, environmental, and economic indexs and how they impact upon each other ( Rogers and Ryan 2001 ) . Figure 1 illustrates merely how the three constituents of sustainability are intertwined.Figure 1. The mutuality the societal, economic, and environmental constituents of the Triple Bottom Line.When be a ftering for sustainable metropoliss a balance needs to be struck between the precedences of accomplishing societal equity and inclusion, economic prosperity, and the protection of the environment ( Campbell 1996 ) . Conflicts in the precedences of each factor are inevitable and metropoliss besides impact upon environing parts and on a national and even international graduated table. With this in head, this attack to be aftering sustainable metropoliss is bound to be more successful when all cardinal stakeholders ( authorities, concern, industry, non-profit administrations, community etc ) work in partnership. Examples of precedences enveloped under each ternary bottom line constituent are outlined below in Table 1.Table 1. Examples of Triple Bottom Line Priorities for Sustainable Development( Reproduced from: Dekay & A ; O'Brien 2001, Pacione 2007, United Nations 2004, Wackernagel & A ; Rees 1996 )ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESAir and H2O pollution ( i.e. COA? emanations ) Climate alteration ( i.e. increased H2O temperature ) Impacts on ecosystems and species biodiversity ( i.e. species extinction ) Over usage of land and natural resources ( i.e. over-fishing, deforestation ) Water deficits Natural catastrophes ( i.e. bushfires, cyclones, temblors, tsunamis )SOCIAL ISSUESHealth ( i.e. disease ) Poverty and hungriness Inadequate lodging ( i.e. homelessness ) Social unfairness ( i.e. human rights, chances ) War Crime Impacts on quality of life ( i.e. traffic congestion, noise )ECONOMICAL ISSUESUnemployment Issues with economic growing and stableness ( i.e. planetary fiscal crisis ) Campbell ( 1996 ) lineations three major struggles which can happen when turn toing these precedences: the belongings struggle ( economic growing versus societal equity ) , the resource struggle ( economic growing versus environmental protection ) , and the development struggle ( societal equity versus environmental protection ) . An illustration of a development struggle is happening land to develop lodging for the turning population while still continuing the environment and ecosystems ( i.e. Parkss, natural militias ) . The issues ( outlined in table 1 ) which are confronting the universe are by no agencies exhaustive and some are more applicable to developing ( i.e. poorness ) than developed states ( i.e. C emanations ) , therefore designation of these specific issues, the causes, and interactions confronting metropoliss at a local degree are critical towards sustainable planning. However, metropoliss can impact globally ( i.e. due to exporting ) and hence the overall ends and aims for be aftering for sustainable development should besides vibrate with regional, national and international dockets.Ecological Sustainable Development in AustraliaIn 1990, merely a twelvemonth after sustainable development had been brought to international attending by the WCED ‘s publishment of Our Common Future ( 2004 ) the Australian authorities embraced the construct specifying ‘ecological sustainable development ‘ ( ESD ) as â€Å" ‘using, conserving and heightening the community ‘s r esources so that ecological procedures, on which life depends, are maintained, and the entire quality of life, now and in the hereafter, can be increased † ( Commonwealth of Australia 1990, cited in Williams 2007, p. 124 ) . After old ages of extended audience between all the cardinal stakeholders ( i.e. authorities, concern, industry, community, non-profit administrations, faculty members ) , studies from cardinal industry sectors on sustainability issues and advice on ESD policy way, and careful consideration of planetary positions ( i.e. United Nation ‘s Agenda 21 ) the National Strategy for Ecological Sustainable Development was published in 1992 ( Department of the Environment and Heritage ( DoEH ) 1992 ) . This papers was endorsed by the Council of Australian Governments ( COAG ) and provides a national model for authoritiess to steer their determination devising and policy development towards guaranting sustainable development in Australian. Furthermore, the Strategy aims to inform industries, concerns, and the community and promote the development of policies and patterns towards a sustainable Australia ( DoEH 1992 ) . The ends, nucleus aims, and seven steering rules outlined in the Nationa l Strategy for Ecological Sustainable Development are outlined in the tabular array 2 below. Table 2. Overview of the National Strategy of for Ecological Sustainable Development ( NSESD ) ( DoEH 1992 ) Goal: Development that improves the entire quality of life, both now and in the hereafter, in a manner that maintains the ecological procedures on which life depends.CORE Aim:to heighten single and community wellbeing and public assistance by following a way of economic development that safeguards the public assistance of future coevalss to supply for equity within and between coevalss to protect biological diverseness and keep indispensable ecological procedures and life-support systemsGUIDING Principles:determination devising procedures should efficaciously incorporate both long and short-run economic, environmental, societal and equity considerations where there are menaces of serious or irreversible environmental harm, deficiency of full scientific certainty should non be used as a ground for proroguing steps to forestall environmental debasement the planetary dimension of environmental impacts of actions and policies should be recognised and considered the demand to develop a strong, turning and diversified economic system which can heighten the capacity for environmental protection should be recognised the demand to keep and heighten international fight in an environmentally sound mode should be recognised cost effectual and flexible policy instruments should be adopted, such as improved rating, pricing and inducement mechanisms determinations and actions should supply for wide community engagement on issues which affect them In reexamining the aims of the NSESD the three basis of sustainable development are present: accomplishing environmental protection, societal wellbeing and equity, and economic development now and for future coevalss. The rules are really wide sweeping and argue for a collaborative, careful and balanced attack towards determination devising and actions to accomplish sustainable environment, economic system, and communities in Australia. Of note is the 2nd rule, besides known as the â€Å" precautional rule † , which emphasises that deficiency of scientific grounds should non forestall action to debar serious environmental debasement ( Williams 2007 ) . The NSESD rules have been incorporated into legion local, province, and federal authorities Acts in Australia, including ( but non limited to ) environmental, land, H2O, coastal, and be aftering Acts ( Peel 2005, Williams 2007 ) . One of the most recent planning Acts is the Queensland Government ‘s Sustainable Planning Act ( SPA ) 2009 ( Department of Infrastructure and Planning 2009a ) which replaces the Integrated Planning Act 1997. In line with the NSESD rules, the intent of this new act is to accomplish ecological sustainability by pull offing the procedure and effects of development ( guaranting answerability ) on the environment and guaranting that local, regional, and province planning is integrated together through collaborative partnerships ( Department of Infrastructure and Planning 2009b ) . Another of import papers which is steering local planning in Australia is the United Nation ‘s Local Agenda 21 ( LA21, chapter 28 of Agenda 21 ) . This plan provides a model to implement sustainable development at the local degree and strongly encourages community engagement with local authoritiess in the development of policies, action programs, and enterprises for their metropoliss and the surrounding parts. Australia has been committed since 1997 to advance the Local Agenda 21 plan and provides local authoritiess with resources and funding towards be aftering for and implementing sustainable policies, schemes, plans, and activities in their local countries ( Cotter and Hannan 1999 ) . Figure 2 illustrations the five action phases of LA21. These actions provide a construction for planning in which it appears to be both in line with the procedural rational attack and values-based in that it focuses on developing programs based on a wealth of information and cognition from all possible beginnings and actively measuring whether executions are working towards accomplishing the program ‘s ends and marks. Of note is that beginnings for planning can include: looking at beginnings which provide information on what the indexs or issues are happening ( i.e. of the State of the Environment studies ( Williams 2007 ) , ecological footmark appraisals ( Wackernagel & A ; Rees 1996 ) ) ; sing what authoritiess ( i.e. regional programs ) and administrations are making ; affecting the community and concerns to pull on their cognition, experiences, and needs ; and feedback from reappraisals and studies on the results of ain and other enforced programs. Figure 2. Action countries in Local Agenda 21 procedure ( Cotter, B & A ; Hannan, K 1999 ) As mentioned antecedently, LA21 is a planetary plan for be aftering sustainably and hence by supervising and describing on the results around the universe this feeds back into the planning procedure and is bound to make common visions for our metropoliss and the manner authoritiess ( and hopefully communities and concerns ) go about accomplishing them.Common Visions for Sustainable DevelopmentOver the past 30 old ages, since our focal point has turn towards sustainability, common visions and ends for metropoliss across the universe are playing out as we face similar quandaries. In his reappraisal of sustainable urban development in 1998 Wheeler highlighted nine chief waies for be aftering to accomplish the development of sustainable metropoliss ( 2007 ) . These, along with short descriptions, are listed in table 3 below. A major recurrent subject is the demand to switch our dependence on auto transit to more sustainable signifiers of conveyance ( i.e. trains, coachs, bikes ) in the a ttempt to cut down its impacts such as air pollution, urban conurbation, low quality of life, and demand on natural resources ( i.e. fuel ) . This and the vision of resource decrease, as seen from a personal point of position, would hold to be the hardest to accomplish. This is merely because personal transit and resources ( i.e. engineering, communications, mundane merchandises – the list is eternal! ) are so entwined in the economic system ( i.e. movement/production of goods ) and human thoughts of freedom and leisure that these extenuate the motive for alteration. Table 3. Common Visions for Sustainable Cities ( Reproduced from Wheeler 2007 ) Compact, Efficient Land Use – In built-up countries expeditiously use land and do infinites more green, safe, attractive, and livable ; continue farm land, ecological home grounds, and unfastened infinites near metropoliss. Less Car Use, Better Access – Reduce the demand for auto transit ( i.e. to work ) by constructing up public transit and entree ; making urban small towns where services and employment are in close propinquity to places ; cater environment for bikes and paseos ; increase pricing related to auto transit ( i.e. parking, fuel, enrollment fees ) Efficient Resource Use, Less Pollution and Waste – Greater focal point on resources which are reclaimable and reclaimable ; enterprises and inducements to cut down resource ingestion ( i.e. electricity, H2O ) ; increase pricing related to resource ingestion ( i.e. electricity ) Restoration of Natural Systems – reconstructing natural land and waterways to supply corridors and home grounds for wildlife and opens infinites for people to reconnect with the environment ; reconstruct bing urban Parkss and unfastened infinites ; urban horticulture to turn nutrient and workss ; reclaim abandoned land for ecological Restoration and human activities to reconstruct wellness Good Housing And Living Environments – purpose to supply low-cost lodging and design and restore houses and vicinities to give people easy accessible services, installations, and recreational and cultural infinites A Healthy Social Ecology – reduce/eliminate homelessness ; address entrenched societal jobs which are impacting on quality of life ( i.e. racism ) ; enhance community, chances, and authorization for groups to accomplish equity and justness. Sustainable Economics – an economic system that helps to reconstruct the environment and societal harm and prevent future harm ; provides valuable employment and invests locally ( i.e. local green goods ) ; economic sector move towards renewable resources and puting in new sustainable engineerings and merchandises ( i.e. intercrossed autos ) . Community Participation And Involvement – create a more functional local and regional democracy which promotes community engagement and engagement in decision-making Preservation Of Local Culture And Wisdom – through encouragement of traditional trades, linguistic communications, rites, cultural patterns, and edifice techniques ; protect local merchandises from mass-produced imports ; protect local farming area and resource stocks ; integrate architecture and stuffs into local development. A good beginning to exemplify how Australia is be aftering for sustainable development is the Brisbane City Council ‘s Brisbane City Centre Master Plan 2006 which outlines the strategic way and model for the development of Brisbane to the twelvemonth 2026. The program ‘s highlighted issues and schemes are enveloped under the three focal point of sustainable development: design and environment, people and civilization ( i.e. societal ) , and economic sciences and concern ( Brisbane City Council 2006 ) . Figure 3 below illustrates the model of the maestro program.Figure 3. The Brisbane City Centre Master Plan Framework( Brisbane City Council 2006, p. 17 ) As a metropolis Brisbane ‘s population is expected to hold increased by 70 % in the twelvemonth 2026 ( Brisbane City Council 2006 ) . The vision for Brisbane metropolis is for a compact ( high-density ) metropolis based around the river which: has: green and unfastened infinites for diversion and assemblage ; provides chances for creativeness ; provides life, working, and leisure demands for a multi-cultural society ; preserves the metropolis ‘s cultural and heritage ; provides each entree and mobility for all types of motion and conveyance ( i.e. bicyclers, vehicles ) ; is an economically comfortable metropolis ( i.e. concern, touristry, instruction ) ; and provides a safe environment ( Brisbane City Council 2006 ) . Interestingly there are societal and economic schemes outlined in the papers but no expressed mention to an environmental scheme other than the ‘built environment ‘ scheme which involves the design and development of constructions. Alternatively mentions to ‘sustainable ‘ patterns affecting the environment are spread throughout the program such as: sustainable edifices and public infinites, air emanations, biodiversity resources, and ‘adopting sustainable resource patterns in relation to stuffs, energy, and H2O efficiency ‘ ( Brisbane City Council 2006, p.19 ) . The Brisbane City Centre Master Plan 2006 high spots widespread arguments and concerns that all the declarations for sustainable development are no more than canonized lip-service as societal and economic factors still hold precedence over protecting our environment. Furthermore, it is questioned whether the execution of policies which are geared towards sustainable development are taking topographic point ( Pacione 2007, Wackernagel & A ; Rees 1996 ) . There is no easy reply, it may be that societal and economic sustainability require more focal point to work towards long-run environmental sustainability. Plans for the sustainable development of our metropoliss surround visions crossing from anyplace between 5 to 50 old ages into the hereafter and are invariably reviewed in visible radiation of new precedences. It will take clip to alter our society so we are willing to take on the duty, to accomplish a balance between human wellbeing and equity, economic stableness, and caring for the environment that sustains our life and that of other species. Barriers to alter besides have to be explored such as unfairness of groups ( i.e. hapless versus wealthy ) in their capacity for sustainable patterns and the restrictions of political dockets. However, these alterations may non be plenty if we have gone excessively far to retrieve a sustainable environment and drastic alternate solutions, such as engineering and scientific discipline, may be the hereafter planning for sustainable metropoliss.DecisionSustainable Development is a planning attack which aims to accomplish sustainable metropoliss by striking a balance between the precedences of societal equity, economic prosperity, and the protection of the environment ( Campbell 1996 ) . This attack has been endorsed by internationally administrations ( WCED, UN ) and states across the universe which have incorporated the rules of sustainable development into their national, regional, and local dockets, Acts of the Apostless, and metropolis programs. In audience with cardinal stakeholders the Australian authorities developed their ain ‘ecological sustainable development ‘ ( ESD ) national scheme as a model for authoritiess, concerns, industries, and communities to steer their policy development and determination devising towards guaranting sustainable development in Australian ( DoEH 1992 ) . The rules of sustainable development have besides found their manner into legion Acts of the Apostless including the Sustainable Planning Act 2009 ( Department of Infrastructure and Planning 2009a ) which guides planning in Queensland to guarantee local, regional, and province planning is integrated together through collaborative partnerships ( Department of Infrastructure and Planning 2009b ) . The United Nation ‘s Local Agenda 21 plan is besides an internationally critical tool to steer local authoritiess to develop of policies, action programs, and enterprises for their metropoliss and the surrounding parts ( Cotter and Hannan 1999 ) . Furthermore, through appraisal and coverage of the results of execution of sustainable programs, metropoliss around the Earth can use this information to steer their ain programs for sustainable development relevant to their country. Common sustainable development visions include: compact and efficient land usage ; reduced dependence on auto transit and better entree to promote alternate signifiers of conveyance ; reduced resource ingestion ; ecological Restoration ; low-cost lodging and better life environments ; societal equity and justness ; sustainable economic system ; community engagement and engagement in decision-making ; and the saving of local civilization and cognition. However, when reexamining a local program ( Brisbane City ) there is grounds that in Australia economic growing and making healthy communities and taking precedency over saving of our environment. This illustration challenges whether all the declarations, dockets, and programs for sustainable development are really being implemented, particularly in relation to the environment. There is no uncertainty that accomplishing a balance between the three constituents of sustainable development is hard as precedences are conflicting and barriers to execution are present. A thorough appraisal of the barriers to sustainable development would be beneficially so these can be addressed, in every bit much as they can, and considered in future planning towards sustainable metropoliss. It may be that new engineerings and scientific discipline will supply the chance by which these struggles and barriers are overcome and worlds begin to populate in harmoniousness with their environment.